An Ethnographic Study on Children’s Culture :: Sociology, Childhood, Culture

Children spend most of their time in institutions such as schools, learning, in order to provide themselves with the education they need to make their dreams come true. Children passel these institutions as a space for sociability where they can form bonds with others, outside their families, as they create and spread their stimulate distinctive culture (McDonnell 26). As a reading buddy at Brooksview Middle School, the knowledge I acquired while in that respect was fascinating as it allowed me to reflect upon my experience experiences and relate it to what we were learning in the course. Observing firsthand and note taking allows a researcher to examine the practices of childrens culture more efficiently and this is what I spent most of my Monday afternoons doing. Although these institutions are there to help children succeed, they also deny them access to their own culture which may prohibit them from becoming fully human (Friere 28). Viewing childhood as a culture allows one to understand why children view culture so differently from adults (McDonnell 22). At institutions such as Brooksview, children are denied access on a number of things and are assumed to be incompetent of making their own rational decisions. Due to the institutions location, the teachers and principle are extremely strict with the children on how they should act, giving them standards which may deny children from accessing their own culture. This influences these children to act in certain ways, ways in which they believe the society wants them to act. This is shown one day when I attended an assembly regarding the failing rate of the sort sixes. Throughout the assembly, the principle was educating the children on how they should be shake in school which led him to his point that the cause of the failing rate (60%) was because of the coloured kids (Appendix, Day 6). This is similar to the try that is being tested on Octavian in the novel Octavian Nothing Traitor to the Nation. Du e to Brooksviews location and Octavians skin colour, people will defy that black people will fail, especially in practices such as education. African is, by nature, (a) shiftless and (b) rebellious, requiring constant supervision to remain productive You have done us a wonderful service, through your failure. (Anderson 337). This possibly will affect a childs approach within their society as it may alter their perspective on how they should act rather than how they want to act changing for the sake of others.

Constitutional Democracy Essay -- essays research papers

systemal Democracy     The basic premise of a constitutional democracy is that organisation hasrules and solely of the people have voices. Through free and fair elections weelect candidates to represent us. The composition of the United Statesguarantees us the right to do this, and to live democratically. The framersattacked tyrannical government and advanced the following musical themes that governmentcomes from below, not from above, and that it derives its powers from theconsent of the governed that men have certain natural, inalienable rights thatit is wise and feasible to distribute and balance powers within government, grown local powers to local governments, and general powers to the nationalgovernment that men are born equal and should be treated as equal before thelaw. The framers of the U. S. Constitution sought to make these ideas thegoverning principles of a nation. Constitutional democracy has three basicelements. Those being interacting values, interrelated political processes andinterdependent political structures.     The first idea of interacting values is popular consent. Popularconsent means that government must obtain consent for its actions from thepeople it governs. It is similar to majority rule, a political process, in thatthe most popular acts or ideas of the people will be adopted by our government.There must be an allowance or willingness on behalf of the unpopular group tolose.     Popular consent may provide a means for judging parental consent lawsfor minors seeking abortion. Since minors are not legally allowed to becompetent to engage in sex, to enter into contracts, or to form sufficient"informed consent" to agree to their own medical treatment, it is improbablethat they would be regarded as competent to make a life and death decision aboutsomething that later in life they might themselves regard as a real person, withindividual rights   &nbs p Drawing on several major contributions of the enlightenment, includingthe political theory of John Locke and the economic ideas of Adam Smith,individualism posts the individual human race being as the basic unit out of whichall larger well-disposed groups are constructed and grants priority to his or herrights and interests over those of the state or social group... ...ve powers of the president likewise wereproscribed in a number of places by designated responsibilities. The judicialpower was to be wielded by judges. Explicit jurisdiction of the courts wassubject to congressional definition.     Checks and balances are the constitutional controls whereby separatebranches of government have limiting powers over each other so that no branchwill become supreme. possibly the best known system of checks and balancesoperates in the U.S. government under provisions of the federal constitution.The operation of checks and balances in the federal government is s pelled out inthe Constitution.     The Constitution of the United States has afforded us many rights. Attimes, those rights are in contention. At others, we would be in anarchywithout them. Constitutional democracy is a beautiful thing. Although we maynot all have the same amount of wealth, we have the liberty to. We have theright to be heard. And how is this right anymore exemplified than voting? Ourrepresentatives will do what we want, and if they dont give us a couple ofyears and well find someone else who will promise to. AMEN.

Plato and Confucius Essay -- Philosophers

Plato and ConfuciusThere are thousands of credible philosophers for people to study nowadays, hence the choice of who to study becomes a burdening task. Each single sensation has amazing knowledge and insight that we could all learn something from. There are people who acceptt call themselves philosophers but bring philosophical thought to us, and then there are those who dedicate their lives to the get along of wisdom. Philosophers have existed for thousands of years, and as long as the sun comes up, there will be philosophers in the future. The humans mind is made for philosophizing. So as we young, blossoming philosophers try and make sense of the innovation in general and the philosophical world specifically, we must find people to enlighten us and share with us their knowledge and theories. These people can affirm from ancient Chinese philosophers such as Confucius, to early Greek philosophers such as Plato, to more modern philosophers such as Descartes or Locke. Each ph ilosopher brings a different aspect to our learning in their differences in time, culture, knowledge and personality. Many philosophers have a great and withstanding reputation attached to their name, therefore gaining worldwide deference and inquiry. Two of those philosophers are Plato and Confucius. They are perhaps two of the most recognized names in philosophy, and rightly so because of their contributions to the world. All the knowledge that is spoon-fed to us today was not available to these early philosophers, so it makes their ideas even more commendable. Both of these men dedicated their lives to philosophy, and because of that, they have everlasting places in the philosophical world. They are widely followed even today because of their breakthrough theories. Plato an... ...ey are it is more about how rich and famous you become. I believe that either of these philosophers would be a valuable one to follow. There is no reason why you cant take lessons from both in an effo rt to improve your life. They both incorporate fundamental human values like justice, truth, wisdom, goodness, and righteousness in their efforts to improve the human condition, both individually and in society as a whole. Confucius ideas may be a little easier to follow since it doesnt require you to throw your current way of life out the window. His emphasis on simplicity, respect, and understanding could drastically improve the lives of anyone who studies him. However, Platos focus on reason is something that could lead you to want to change in an effort to live better. It is obvious that both men have a love of wisdom, and are therefore true philosophers.

Essay --

Being born into a Indian family, where the cuisine is exquisite makes staying heavy and fit almost impossible. Almost everything we finish is fried and full of oil and butter. Instead of eating small meals with snacks in between we eat three big meals. Although most of the food is cooked at firm it is still full of fat. Indians are known for their amazing food and the reason it tastes so heavenly is because of all the oil and butter in it. Who can suffer the temptation of such delicious food? Did you know that obesity is part of the top 10 factors of death? Being obese can cause heartrending problems and can be dangerous for normal life. Obesity is a common problem nowadays, which occurred because of various factors such as, development of human civilization, transport, media and communication devices. The increase in technology makes multitude lazier, rarely moving and spending their free time sitting in front of the computer. People are giving up woodland for speed, is it wo rth it? Obesity is a major issue I deal with almost everyday, I have several family members who are obese. My family members who are obese dresst care that they are obese and they moreover continue living the wrong type of life style. They argue that obesity is a disease when many just say its a lifestyle. Being obese isnt easy, yet half the people in America chose nothing to do about it. If people do not do anything to get rid of obesity then the cycle will continue to go on and I need to enrol out how to get obese people to live a healthier lifestyle and influence these people to break the cycle. This semester I will be researching on whether obesity is a disease or a lifestyle. I also want to research why the sudden rise in obesity, and what can be done to reduce it. ... ...healthy and not exercise. Eating vegetables and working out is not easy but it is something that needs to be done to maintain a healthy life. Growing up I was surrounded by obese people and tried to eat as healthy as I can so that I would not become obese. While my family would be eating dessert I would eat vegetables. Instead of watching T.V with the rest of my family, I would go after-school(prenominal) and play. I guess you can say I was born to be health conscious and want the rest of the world to be healthy also. Researching on obesity is going to be very interesting and seeing the differences in peoples opinions on whether it is a disease or a lifestyle is going to be another interesting aspect. Writing about this topic will help me help those who need some kind of motivation to recur weight and live a healthier lifestyle. Obesity is a huge issue that needs special attention.

Teddy Roosevelt Essay example -- essays research papers

Theodore Roosevelt, born October 27, 1858, was the United States twenty sixth President. Roosevelt was born into a wealthy and socially dominant family. though he was a quick thinker and very bright, he was not very physically fit Roosevelt had severe asthma attacks as a youth. (Andrews) Roosevelt accompanied Harvard College starting with a science major, but his eventual majors were law and politics. After graduating Harvard in 1880, Roosevelt married his first wife, had his first child, and lost his wife devil weeks after the birth of their daughter on Valentines day 1884. He had also begun his career in politics, joining the Republican Party when they were treated like a private organization, having few credentials that were needed to become a member. (Roosevelt)Roosevelt did many beneficial things for his uncouth, both as the President and as a soldier. One of the line features in his life was his involvement with the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War, from April of 1898 to September of 1898.Prior to his involvement in the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt was the Secretary of the Navy. He resigned from that position to begin organizing the First Volunteer calvary Regiment. 23,000 men from all parts of the United States of America cowboys, Indians, NY policeman, Athletes from ivy league colleges and more, were eager to volunteer for the regiment. (Andrew) All of these patriots felt it was there duty to defend their country after the USS Maine had been bombed in Havana, with the blame on Spain. (Harbaugh) The majority of the men in the regiment, which was originally composed of 1000 men (Hill), were from the southwestern ranch country. These men were accomplished wild horsemen, thus the regiment was given the name Rough Riders. (Roosevelt)Roosevelt was offered the position of commander of the regiment but had to decline because he did not have the succession to train the soldiers. He suggested that he work under Colonel Leonard Wood as a lie utenant colonel. (Hill) Wood had received the Medal of Honor for his military action at law in the capture of Apache chief Geronimo. (Harbaugh)The first battle to ever take place during the Spanish-American War was the battle of Las Guasimas, which was a small village in Cuba.... ...and Roosevelt got his nominating speech for governor of New York. Which lead up to his outstanding accomplishments with the national parks and others.Andrew, Paul. T.R. Takes Charge, American History Magazine, http//americanhistory.about.com/library/ prm/bltrtakescharge2.htmAndrews, Wayne. The Autobiography of Theodore Roosevelt. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1958.Harbaugh, William Henry. Power and Responsibility. kale American Book-Stratford Press, 1961.Hill, Howard C. Roosevelt and the Caribbean. New York Russell & Russell, 1927Jeffers, H. Paul. Colonel Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Goes to War, 1897-1898. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996Roosevelt, Theodore. The Rough Riders, New York Charl es Scribners sons, 1899 Bartleby.com, 1997. www.bartleby.com/51/. Mar. 31, 2003

Teddy Roosevelt Essay example -- essays research papers

Theodore Roosevelt, born October 27, 1858, was the United States twenty sixth President. Roosevelt was born into a wealthy and socially dominant family. Though he was a quick thinker and very bright, he was not very physically fit Roosevelt had severe asthma attacks as a youth. (Andrews) Roosevelt attended Harvard College starting with a science major, but his eventual majors were law and politics. After graduating Harvard in 1880, Roosevelt married his first wife, had his first child, and lost his wife two weeks after the birth of their daughter on Valentines day 1884. He had also begun his career in politics, joining the Republican Party when they were treated identical a private organization, having few credentials that were needed to become a member. (Roosevelt)Roosevelt did many beneficial things for his country, both as the President and as a soldier. one and only(a) of the key features in his life was his involvework forcet with the Rough Riders during the Spanish-America n War, from April of 1898 to September of 1898.Prior to his involvement in the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt was the Secretary of the Navy. He resigned from that position to begin organizing the First declare oneself Calvary Regiment. 23,000 men from all parts of the United States of America cowboys, Indians, NY policeman, Athletes from ivy league colleges and more, were eager to volunteer for the regiment. (Andrew) All of these patriots felt it was there duty to suffer their country after the USS Maine had been bombed in Havana, with the blame on Spain. (Harbaugh) The majority of the men in the regiment, which was originally composed of 1000 men (Hill), were from the southwestern ranch country. These men were skilled wild horsemen, thus the regiment was given the name Rough Riders. (Roosevelt)Roosevelt was offered the position of commander of the regiment but had to decline because he did not squander the time to train the soldiers. He suggested that he work under Colonel Leon ard Wood as a lieutenant colonel. (Hill) Wood had received the Medal of Honor for his soldiers action in the capture of Apache chief Geronimo. (Harbaugh)The first battle to ever take place during the Spanish-American War was the battle of Las Guasimas, which was a small village in Cuba.... ...and Roosevelt got his nomination for governor of New York. Which lead up to his outstanding accomplishments with the national parks and others.Andrew, Paul. T.R. Takes Charge, American History Magazine, http//americanhistory.about.com/library/ prm/bltrtakescharge2.htmAndrews, Wayne. The Autobiography of Theodore Roosevelt. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1958.Harbaugh, William Henry. situation and Responsibility. Chicago American Book-Stratford Press, 1961.Hill, Howard C. Roosevelt and the Caribbean. New York Russell & Russell, 1927Jeffers, H. Paul. Colonel Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Goes to War, 1897-1898. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996Roosevelt, Theodore. The Rough Riders, New Y ork Charles Scribners sons, 1899 Bartleby.com, 1997. www.bartleby.com/51/. Mar. 31, 2003

African philosophy Essay

In a class there is a assimilator with low interpersonal skills. The learner is withdrawn and doesnt seem to be integrating with other learners in class activities. The key orient as a teacher is how to encourage the learner to be more self-confident in and out of a classroom environment. The issue for the learner may be behavioural, a home issue or a negative attitude, causing the in king for the learner to work with peers in the classroom. The method of counselling would be applied through African doctrine. The focus place on the learner by giving him/her a deeper understanding of themselves and to build a sense of community in the classroom. Hopefully this may establish an indistinguish competency and give the learner the ability to approach life in a holistic populacener. The teaching style applied may be contributing to the non-involvement of the learner. An indication would be made to the learner to understand that they cannot exist alone. Thus building a better out-look for the learner through the teachings of African philosophy somatic in the word Ubuntu, which means humanity.African philosophy is focused on a joint well-being of that community. The soulfulness can be Umuntu because of that community. No man is an island. An individual is who they are because of past generations and people around them in that community. African philosophy is about being equal to build communities and give people a sense of identity and a sense of belonging. In mevery slipway it encourages individuals within that structure to be humble and also allows one to have a profounder acceptance of ourselves. African Philosophy enables one to enquire about the importance of tradition and the values they equip an individual with. The concept Ubuntu is a focal point in African philosophy, which cannot just be reduced to tradition practices. African philosophy is a technique to adjust ones life, which is focused on a Hesperian way of existence. It enables that individual to simplify the human experience. African philosophy is embodied by religious and moral beliefs of the African people as a continent. By any means this concept shouldnt be watered down to a simple form. It embodies the views on life and methods or ability to question its own traditions.This philosophy gives us insight on what it is that makes us human beings. Ethno-philosophy contains communal customs, which enables Africans to be Africans. (poems, taboos andreligions). In my mind this is what gives specific cultures their identity and a sense of pride. The questions of who I am and where do I come from, easy to practices. The oral tradition of izithakazelo gives a lot of African people identity and family history. I am who I am because of my community. Henceforth Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantuSage philosophy is gear for indigenous thinkers, who didnt have the benefit of modern education although they are public opinion to be critical thinkers. They are able to use their judgement base d on an inborn insight and understanding of their environment. These are the people who question the role of those in power in specific communities. It allows decision and ideas to be thought out and critical looked at to see what will benefit the community. As a country it is vital we develop critical thinking at all levels of education and society. Allowing us a country to questions ideas, that makes states function. These people specifically in conspiracy Africa are thought to be problem causes as they have views which differ from those in authority and communities. The critical thinkers represent those who cannot voice their views because of fear or any other oppression methods. The capacity to scrutinize your surrounding and have the understandingcertain components will not benefit the great community. We continue using methods of western civilization and see the effects they have at higher levels of society and expect them as the norm. If we live in Africa we need to focus u pon things that set us apart. African philosophy should be introduced at schools. This would help learners acquire critical thinking skills and give them a sense of community.The principles of African philosophy are also adapted by leaders who have been educated in western philosophy such as empiricism, existentialism and existentialism. Thus as unique African philosophy maybe or can be connected to elements of western teachings. Critical thinking in essences is investigating consistent and suitable understanding of the world. The axiom that says information is power, although that information has to be insightful and instil skilful thinking that helps an individual to understand what to believe or how to react. An individual that thinkcritical is able to inquire by asking the correct questions and is able to logically reason through information. They are then able to reach unfailing and dependable answer about the world and environment. Critical thinkers are able to look for issue s that have a great imbalance, ask questions and present answers that may challenge the old ways and systems in place. In general most people are geared to be led and therefore dont challenge authority figures in their societies. One downfall is those individuals arent able to think for themselves and tend to drift with the stream and rely upon those in power. To be a critical thinker gives you the ability to be an individual in society who contributes and has an understanding of what makes the society function.The advantages instilling into individuals is a sense of community and how one should be governed and led. At the core of this philosophy is Ubuntu that focuses on caring, sharing and forgiveness. Humans exist and grow by developing relationships with others. I am because you are Things western may not be desirable for all Africans or Africa. The sad case is most Africans have adapted the western life style and the sense of Ubuntu has lost meaning especially with the youth. The wrong of the African philosophy is that it doesnt challenge power structures and is unable to accept women and men as equals. It doesnt encourage critical thinking and ignores the needs of the individual and accepts cruel superstitious practices. African society tends to have strong beliefs in the natural and supernatural and doesnt differentiate between the two. (e.g. female circumcision and witch hunts)BibliographyHiggs, P & Smith, J. 2013 reprint. Rethinking our world. Cape Town Juta. W. Lawrence Neuman. 1997,1994,1991. Social research methods. 160 Gould street, Needham Heights, Ma 02194. Allyn & Bacon.

Premarital Sex Essay

Sex is an expression of love, a feeling of intimacy with a loved one, divinitys given gift so that we can procreate. It is nothing to be feared or to be ashamed about. However, it is a double-edged whored which when held improperly could spell more than disaster than of help. Studies have shown that more and more teenagers are now piquant in casual and even unprotected sex. The dangers of these actions are enormous. These include unwanted pregnancy, shot-gun marriage, abortion, the riskiness of sexuality transmitted diseases, single parenthood, depression, suicide, and many others. But the most apparent and most striking is the degradation of our standards of morality.see morescope and delimitation try out for research paperStatement of the ProblemThis study aimed to determine the Perception of MMSU-CTE Students towards Premarital Sex. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions 1. What is Premarital Sex?2. What are the common reasons of engaging Premarital Sex? 3. What are the usual effects of engaging Premarital Sex?a. Advantagesb. Disadvantages4. What are the merits in not engaging Premarital Sex? scene and Delimitation of the StudyThis research was conducted at Mariano Marcos State University-College of Teacher Education, involving thirty (30) students. The said respondents were asked to share their personal perspectives on the research topic. Since, this study was conducted in the punt semester of Academic Year 2012-2013, where in the 4th year students are taking off campus teaching. Students from 3 year levels (first year, second year, and third year) were taken as respondents. To gear the gathered data from the respondent, the researchers accumulated related information principles, theories, and results of related researchers from available published references from the library and the internet.Significance of the StudyThis study aimed to find out the authorized reasons of engaging Premarital Sex and its effects. This study was inten ded to provide information that can help and encourage youth to plan for their future.

He tendency for human beings to copy one another is shown in the popularity of fashion and goods Essay

The tendency for human beings to sham one a nonher is shown in the popularity of fashion and goods. Agree or disagree. Agree Economic urge Easy to copyDisagree Not easy to copy due to complicated procedures Other fields be easier to be copiedFashion and goods are becoming more quasi(prenominal) between brands. Some people think that manufacturers are copying ideas of each other in such products piece others claim that this is hardly necessarily reflected generally in fashion and goods. I believe that in any field, people can copy from other and sometimes, fashion and consumer goods are far from easy imitation. jump of all, it is thought that copying the style of fashion and goods is easier than other types of imitation. Just a glance at design is sufficient enough to provide other militant brands to follow and manufacture right after the original item comes into being. Nevertheless, peoples desire is to enjoy products with good appearance and quality at the kindred time.Despit e the copying trend of outstanding appearance, if the quality of products is below expectation of consumers, for instance, short durability and high price, the latter ones will shun away these items soon. help of all, people mostly need goods in their daily life. The rate of consumption in daily goods adds up to billions of dollars for producers, which motivates them to copy each other. Yet, when it involves the assembly line and innovative technological applications, it is far from easy to follow suit. Technological goods need expertise, significant investment and long-term research. Hence, though goods may look like each other, they are rarely products of pure emulation and mass- consumed.Chinese products, for instance, in spite of being believed to be of lower price and copy others in the world, are still not as attractive as original ones as created in America and Japan due to their unfashionable design and short-time durability. In addition, copying trend is observable in ot her fields. In arts, the musical style of one nation borrows greatly from that of other countries to enrich cultural heritage of each nation while products of high intellectuality such as writing styles are somehow similar to each other. Even in choice of life, when a person has little intimation about what he or she does in life, it is more likely that he or she will travel the same journey as predecessors to be on the safe side. When it comes to work environment where competition is higher, to ingratiate oneself with bosses, employees are possible to copy ideas of others, which actually proves easier than to imitate the complicated business models to generate fashion designs or consumer goods. written by lena pham-

North Korea as a Nuclear power

It is now known that magnetic north Korea, continuing on the path of defying the world(prenominal) community, became a atomic nation, or is close to becoming one within a short period of time, depending on a variety of factors.The la try contract of the sum Korean government regarding conducting a nuclear test is bringing the chapter of this country in what concerns its relations with the inhabit of the world to its final phases.According to Abramowitz and Lynch (2006), the gabardine House wants the various members of the United Nations, especially those with permanent seats in the Security Council, to agree on immediate measures that drive out be considered as correctional actions against the government in Pyongyang. The two authors state that thither atomic number 18 still doubts and questions concerning the the strength and success of the reported northmost Korean explosion, but there was teensy doubt among White House officials, lawmakers and outside experts that the action added a volatile new ingredient to an already heavy world environment.The doubts concerning the test are caused by two factors First, that the United States and other countries do non trust what the regime of compass north Korea says, and the second is what was say by Naughton and Knight (2006) when they reported that the test was done through the detenation of bomb underground, and that the explosion caused an earthquake measuring about 3.6 on the Richter scale. This gives us an idea that the fickle device was of some size slightly 500 tonnes, which makes its power reach the equivalent of one-thirtieth of the power of the bomb deployed against the city of Hiroshima at the end of the World struggle II.Even though there is total savvy between the permanent members of the Security Council to condemn this action, there are still certain doubts about the next step to be interpreted. As it is widely known, northerly Korea is practically suffering from a regime of sanctio ns imposed on it by many countries (including the United States), but there are other elements to take into consideration. As Nichols (2006) reports, despite the hard-edged rhetoric, foreign policy analysts and nuclear experts pointed out the obvious World powers have tried to bully, threaten, cajole, entice, sanction and sweet-smelling talk North Korea into the community of nations for 50 years, without success.This is a difficult reality to deal with, especially when we know that countries like mainland chinaware (and maybe Russia) are incessantly reluctant whenever the discussions reach the point of laborious sanctions. According to Jim Walsh, a North Korea expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the United States and japan do not really have many options if China refuses to pass a strong resolution against North Korea (Nichols, 2006)The image that we have about North Korea, according to Harrison (2006), is not a correct one. The country is politically stable and is growing economically. North Korea is stable and there is more than economic activity in Pyongyang than I have ever seenmore cars and bicycles, better-dressed people, more restaurants, more small mom and pop stores, and above all more interest in making money.From this angle, we can understand why sanctions did not race in the past, and why it is possible that it would not work in the future in addition to the fact that North Korean officials have already state that sanctions imposed by the US were a declaration of war, and had forced it the government of North Korea to go ahead with plans for testing. The sorry factor here is the impact that is expect on the countries in the region There are fears that a North Korean nuclear test could founding a regional arms race. lacquer could seek its own nuclear deterrent in a move that could aggravate historical tensions between Japan on one hand and China and South Korea on the other (The Guardian).The government in North Korea is a dictatorship that has a terrible point in what concerns human rights and the persecution of political confrontation and with subjects related to public freedoms. When a regime like that is allowed (or not completely opposed) to possessing nuclear weapons, this would create a wicked threat to the world and it should be taken seriously.The duty of the international community is to responsibly deal with this responsibly, and to go through all the options that should stop the threat of a nuclear North Korea.REFERENCESAbramowitz, M. & Lynch, C. (2006, October 10). U.S. Urges Sanctions on North Korea. Washington Post. Retrieved October 10, 2006Naughton, P., & Knight, S. (2006, october 9). World searches for response to North Korea nuclear test. Times Online. Retrieved October 11, 2006 fromhttp//www.timesonline.co.uk/ member/0,,3-2395600,00.htmlNichols, B. (2006, October 19). Condemnation swift, but options are limited. USA Today. Retrieved October 11, 2006, fromhttp//www.usatoday.c om/news/world/2006-10-09-nuke-test-reaction_x.htmHarrison, S. (2005, kinfolk 19). North Korea A Nuclear Threat. Newsweek International. Retrieved October 10, 2006Pyongyang defiant over nuclear test. (2006, October 4). The Guardian. Retrieved October 10, 2006, from http//www.guardian.co.uk/korea/article/0,,1887353,00.htmlNorth Korea as a nuclear powerIt is now known that North Korea, continuing on the path of defying the international community, became a nuclear nation, or is close to becoming one within a short period of time, depending on a variety of factors.The latest declaration of the North Korean government regarding conducting a nuclear test is bringing the chapter of this country in what concerns its relations with the rest of the world to its final phases.According to Abramowitz and Lynch (2006), the White House wants the various members of the United Nations, especially those with permanent seats in the Security Council, to agree on immediate measures that can be conside red as punitive actions against the government in Pyongyang. The two authors state that there are still doubts and questions concerning the the strength and success of the reported North Korean explosion, but there was little doubt among White House officials, lawmakers and outside experts that the action added a volatile new ingredient to an already dangerous world environment.The doubts concerning the test are caused by two factors First, that the United States and other countries do not trust what the regime of North Korea says, and the second is what was stated by Naughton and Knight (2006) when they reported that the test was done through the detenation of bomb underground, and that the explosion caused an earthquake measuring about 3.6 on the Richter scale. This gives us an idea that the explosive device was of some size around 500 tonnes, which makes its power reach the equivalent of one-thirtieth of the power of the bomb deployed against the city of Hiroshima at the end of t he World War II.Even though there is total agreement between the permanent members of the Security Council to condemn this action, there are still certain doubts about the next steps to be taken. As it is widely known, North Korea is practically suffering from a regime of sanctions imposed on it by many countries (including the United States), but there are other elements to take into consideration. As Nichols (2006) reports, despite the hard-edged rhetoric, foreign policy analysts and nuclear experts pointed out the obvious World powers have tried to bully, threaten, cajole, entice, sanction and sweet talk North Korea into the community of nations for 50 years, without success.This is a difficult reality to deal with, especially when we know that countries like China (and maybe Russia) are always reluctant whenever the discussions reach the point of severe sanctions. According to Jim Walsh, a North Korea expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the United States and Jap an do not really have many options if China refuses to pass a strong resolution against North Korea (Nichols, 2006)The image that we have about North Korea, according to Harrison (2006), is not a correct one. The country is politically stable and is growing economically. North Korea is stable and there is more economic activity in Pyongyang than I have ever seenmore cars and bicycles, better-dressed people, more restaurants, more small mom and pop stores, and above all more interest in making money.From this angle, we can understand why sanctions did not work in the past, and why it is possible that it would not work in the future in addition to the fact that North Korean officials have already declared that sanctions imposed by the US were a declaration of war, and had forced it the government of North Korea to go ahead with plans for testing. The worrying factor here is the impact that is expected on the countries in the region There are fears that a North Korean nuclear test coul d trigger a regional arms race. Japan could seek its own nuclear deterrent in a move that could aggravate historical tensions between Japan on one hand and China and South Korea on the other (The Guardian).The government in North Korea is a dictatorship that has a terrible record in what concerns human rights and the persecution of political opposition and with subjects related to public freedoms. When a regime like that is allowed (or not completely opposed) to possessing nuclear weapons, this would create a grave threat to the world and it should be taken seriously.The duty of the international community is to responsibly deal with this responsibly, and to go through all the options that should stop the threat of a nuclear North Korea.REFERENCESAbramowitz, M. & Lynch, C. (2006, October 10). U.S. Urges Sanctions on North Korea. Washington Post. Retrieved October 10, 2006,fromhttp//www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2006/10/09/AR2006100900419_pf.htmlNaughton, P., & Knig ht, S. (2006, october 9). World searches for response to North Korea nuclear test. Times Online. Retrieved October 11, 2006 fromhttp//www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2395600,00.htmlNichols, B. (2006, October 19). Condemnation swift, but options are limited. USA Today. Retrieved October 11, 2006, fromhttp//www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-10-09-nuke-test-reaction_x.htmHarrison, S. (2005, September 19). North Korea A Nuclear Threat. Newsweek International. Retrieved October 10, 2006, from http//msnbc.msn.com/id/15175633/site/newsweek/Pyongyang defiant over nuclear test. (2006, October 4). The Guardian. Retrieved October 10, 2006, from http//www.guardian.co.uk/korea/article/0,,1887353,00.html

Corporate Irresponsibility and Corporate Social Responsibility: Competing Realities

loving right diary Emerald Article collective ir indebtedness and incarnate mixer responsibility competing realities Brian J unmatchables, Ryan Bowd, Ralph tench Article information To cite this document Brian J unitarys, Ryan Bowd, Ralph Tench, (2009), corporate irresponsibility and somatic affable responsibility competing realities, sociable Responsibility Journal, Vol. 5 Iss 3 pp. ccc 310 Permanent link to this document http//dx. doi. org/10. 108/17471110910977249 Downloaded on 14-10-2012 References This document snarftains references to 45 other documents Citations This document has been cited by 3 other documents To copy this document email masterfessionaltected com rile to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by UNIVERSITY OF BRIGHTON For Authors If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then interest use our Emerald for Authors service. Information about how to need which publication to write for and sub mission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www. emeraldinsight. com/authors for to a greater extent information.About Emerald www. emeraldinsight. com With oer forty years experience, Emerald Group Publishing is a leading unaffiliated publisher of global research with imp telephone number in job, confederation, public policy and education. In total, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as healthful as an extensive range of online products and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 3 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a segmentner of the Committee on humansation Ethics (COPE) and overly whole kit with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. *Related content and download information correct at time of download. bodily irresponsibility and embodied social responsibility competing realities Brian Jones, Ryan Bowd and Ralph Tench Brian Jones is a Senior Lecturer, Ryan Bowd is a Senior Lecturer and Ralph T ench is Professor in Communications Education, all ground at Leeds Business School, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK. swindle Purpose Building on the work of Carroll this article attempts to unravel, explore and explain corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a theoretical construct that has implications and consequences for corporate governance in particular, and more generally for the economy, pedigree and society.It aims to extend Carrolls work on de? nitional constructs by re-examining some of the theoretical frame plant that underpin, inform and guide CSR. picture/methodology/approach Carroll identi? ed diametric directs, or a pyramid, of CSR and these are outlined and the advantages and disadvantages of a pyramid, levels-based approach discussed. The main contributions of this article lies is in its exploration of corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) as a judgment in contrast to CSR.Bowd, Jones and Tenchs CSI-CSR toughie is described, explained, analysed and used as a conceptual motherfucker to make the theoretical move around from a pyramid or level-based approach to a more dynamic framework of analysis. Findings The proposition that CSI is better suited to a shareholder championship model and CSR sits more comfortably with a stakeholder trans twistion model is examined. It is oppose that people often wrongly equate CSR with irresponsible corporate actions. The CSI-CSR model establishes a theoretical framework around which grounded empirical research raft be undertaken, applied and on which it thunder mug be reported.Research limitations/implications This is a sensitive area of research that get acrosses a gap in the literature and puts forward advanced theoretical models. Discussing the concept of irresponsibility makes for an interesting theoretical move. It questions the idea that corporations and business per se are al airs or necessarily socially responsible. Originality/value In looking at and developing existing theoretical models, concepts and frameworks and exploring their merits, shortcomings and limitations, the article ordain be of interest and relevance to the business and academic communities.If thither is such a thing as CSR then the implication is that there is such a thing as CSI and it is on this recognise that this article seeks to promote and stimulate discussion. Key spoken communication Corporate social responsibility, Business ethics Paper type Research report Introduction Corporations, their activities and governance begin long been of interest to worry and social scientists (see for typesetters showcase, Sampson, 1983). As it has gained a higher pro? le on the political, frugal and business order of businesss in recent years (see for prototype, www. csr. gov. k Commission of the European Communities, 2001, 2002), corporate social responsibility (CSR) has received increased attention from academics (see Whetten et al. , 2002 Arpan, 2005 Evuleocha, 2005 Riese, 200 7 Birch, 2008). Corporate governance groundwork be de? ned in a narrow and a broad way. For those who de? ne it narrowly corporate governance is largely concerned with board level instruction issues. Reporting on the situation in the UK the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate brass instrument (1992, p. 15) described the term as the system by which companies are directed and controlled.Such a narrow de? nition, adopting and advocating as it does a top The authors would like to thank David Crowther and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments in developing this paper. varlet 300 j SOCIAL responsibleness JOURNAL j VOL. 5 NO. 3 2009, pp. 300-310, Q Emerald Group Publishing Limited, ISSN 1747-1117 DOI 10. 1108/17471110910977249 down approach to management, serves to demonstrate by example the built-in weaknesses of a command and control managerial style. Adopting both a bottom up and top down approach to management can better facilitate progress in asks to CSR .Corporate governance is at least in part about managerial compliance with legal requirements surrounding CSR. pass judgment the above, a more broad based de? nition efficacy suggest that corporate governance permeates every level of the organisation, its activities and actual day-to-day operational running(a)s. CSR is non con? ned to management but stirs the whole organisation and its stakeholders (for a discussion of the stakeholder model of the corporation please see Donaldson and Preston, 1995 Cornelissen, 2004). This article adopts a broad-based de? nition of corporate governance. Corporate citizenship is a term commonly used in the same debates. There is lack of agreement on a common universal standardised de? nition of CSR and as a result there is confusion and overlap in the plethora of terms used (see Nielsen and Thomsen, 2007, p. 25) This article helps de? ne elements of CSR, thus aids understanding of the term and in so doing can better inform strategies for communic ation (Demetrious, 2008). CSR and corporate governance and citizenship are progressively debated academic issues (see, for example, Schleifer and Vishny (1997) www. csr. gov. uk).Much of the emphasis has been placed upon businesses and business people to act in a more socially responsible manner and to ac seeledge that shareholders are only one of a number of business stakeholders (Letza et al. , 2004). New and innovative ways to address and deal with issues emerging from the CSR and corporate governance agendas are increasingly universe sought. This article stresses the difference between corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) and CSR and contests that the dualistic (or CSI-CSR bi-polar) model allows for greater clarity and understanding of the concepts that constitute and de? ne these terms.It is suggested that CSI is a term better suited to describing the workings of the old shareholder business model (Friedman, 1962) and that CSR is more applicable to the workings of the sor e and emerging stakeholder business model (Freeman, 1984). The CSI-CSR model allows for discussion and positioning of issues around CSR. Communication about issues of social responsibility (Demetrious, 2008) vary according to whether it is irresponsible or responsible corporate action being reported. A range of internecine and external variables (see experience 1), for example new technology, impact on businesses, what they do and how they perform.Such issues or variables whitethorn contain differing degrees of responsible and irresponsible actions and activities. On one issue a corporation might have exemplary behavior but on another it may perform poorly and need corrective action for example, a business may have good policies, practices and procedures with regards to issues of diversity and equal opportunities but may be weak in terms of its commitment to Figure 1 CSI-CSR dichotomous model VOL. 5 NO. 3 2009 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY JOURNAL rogue 301 j j addressing pollution and e nvironmental concerns. The ways in which CSI and CSR issues are communicated differ.Quite entirely responsible actions are, or ought to be trumpeted and irresponsible actions should be acknowledged. This is not always so. Some companies doing well in regards to CSR fail to communicate this message rough-and-readyly or meaningfully. Some companies either knowingly or unknowingly doing badly in regards to CSR, in other words they are at the CSI end of the spectrum, might have their practices exposed and thus be in need of a communication strategy to deal with such an event. The CSR pyramid and de? nitional constructs Corporate social responsibility is de? ned by the British government on their website www. csr. gov. uk/whatiscsr. html as being about how business takes account of its economic, social and environmental impacts in the way it operates maximising the bene? ts and minimising the downsides (Crown copyright, 2004). merely this de? nition is only one of numerous and in som e cases apparently polarised viewpoints of how CSR is de? ned in academic and victor thought (see for example, Carroll, 1979, 1991). Furthermore it has been proposed that CSR can be seen to be a construct that is individual to the stakeholder that de? nes it, and has been referred to as the social contract organisations have with their stakeholders (Bowd et al. 2005). Tullberg (2005) suggested two approaches to CSR one the responsive and the second the autonomous approach. The autonomous approach is described as more independent and involves the company ignoring other stakeholders opinions to formulate strategy. The responsive approach suggests organisations should aim at being as responsive as possible to the demands emanating from society for them to act responsibly. This approach allows managers to think about the hypothetical public reaction to situations and to consider strategies to deal with them. In carrying out an analysis of CSR de? itions in academic and professional lit erature Bowd et al. (2006, p. 150) captured a variety of points and attributes that are believed to make up CSR and suggest it involves . . . proactive biotic community involvement, philanthropy, corporate governance, corporate citizenship, addressing of social issues, a commitment to the property of its products and services, human rights, health, safety and the environment. . . Carroll (1979, 1991) and Wood (1991) have contributed to planting de? nitions of the different levels at which organisations respond to their corporate social responsibilities. These levels of responsibility are de? ed as follows B Economic level. geological formation produces products and services that society wants and sells them at a pro? t. Legal level. Organisation obeys all the laws and rules applied by the state. (E. g. tax, regulation, etc. ) honourable level. Organisation views it as its responsibility to satisfy societys expectations of business to go beyond basic legal requirements and do wh at is just and fair, and their practice is re? ective of this. discretionary level. Organisation goes beyond stakeholder views of what is just and fair, and is an exemplary corporate citizen (adapted from Carroll (1979, 1991)).B B B It is clear from the list above that Carrolls (1991) pyramid has at its base starting line point the economy and economic performance. This is seen as pivotal and from this the second level concerned as it is with the law and legal rights, duties, rules and obligations are built. The third level is think on business ethics in a wide stakeholder context. Finally the discretionary level involves philanthropy and this is where an organisation typically goes beyond its everyday pass judgment duty and is thus deemed to be a good corporate citizen. Carroll (1991, p. 2) cautions that No metaphor is perfect, and the CSR pyramid is no exception. It is intended to portray that the total CSR of business comprises distinguishable components that, taken together , constitute the whole. Though the components have been treated as separate concepts for discussion purposes, they PAGE 302 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY JOURNAL VOL. 5 NO. 3 2009 j j are not mutually exclusive and are not intended to juxtapose a ? rms economic responsibilities with its other responsibilities. These points stick relevant to the circumstances of the 21st century.Nevertheless, Carrolls (1991) model can be inspectiond on a number of grounds. Firstly in adopting and applying a level based pyramid approach it appears as a staged hierarchy in which consummation is based on ? xed criteria. It is contested here that this is not necessarily the case and that the concept of a levels based approach and ? xed criteria can act as a hindrance to further developing knowledge and understanding. Secondly the dynamism that characterises the social, economic and business world is only partially captured by the CSR pyramid.At times, like all models Carrolls pyramid appears as a theoretical abstract removed from the composite realities of the world it seeks to explain. Despite these criticisms Carrolls (1991) pyramid of corporate social responsibility does have varying degrees of theoretical and practical utility. The application of the model, together with the context in which it operates and an understanding of what it seeks to achieve at both the abstract and practical levels are in a number of respects crucial in developing knowledge, fashioning sense of and interpreting the world.The model is useful as it aids understanding of CSR, the issues that pertain to it and can therefore help improve communication. The model helps unravel the concept, establishes break elements and distinguishes itself in its exploration of CSR. For this alone Carrolls (1979, 1991) pyramid deserves plaudits. Nevertheless, despite the merits of the model it is suggested here (see Figure 2) that it can be improved by addressing the staged level based hierarchy to make it a more ? uid conc ept better able to adapt to a world in a state of bordering perennial ? ux.Change is constant and theoretical models are required to re? ect this universal truism. The CSI-CSR framework The CSI-CSR model As previously discussed in relation to the motley component parts and models available, CSR can mean different things to different people. It might be suggested that a clear de? nition of the term should be provided for policy makers, practitioners, activists, business and the community. This issue has already been alluded to in terms of the existing plethora of de? nitions in existence and it is unlikely that one unifying de? ition will be agreed upon shewn the competing agendas of different stakeholders. Figure 2 CSI-CSR environmental dynamic model VOL. 5 NO. 3 2009 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY JOURNAL PAGE 303 j j It is contested here that traditionally CSR has been confused and equated with CSI. For many, CSR is understood as, or de? ned in relation to, CSI for example discussion of social responsibility issues often occurs when things are perceived as having gone wrong such as the recent Bear Stearns and Northern Rock crises.It is therefore necessary at the level of policy and practice and classical at a conceptual level to separate out and de? ne the terms. CSI can be de? ned in relation to the issues that encompass it. For the key differences between CSI and CSR please see Table I. CSI is about being reactive as opposed to proactive in addressing corporate issues and the ways and means by which they relate to wider society. At its extreme CSI may entail breaking the law (e. g. Conrad Black, Robert Maxwell, Ernest Saunders). Companies such as Enron, Worldcom, and amongst others Union Carbide typify CSI.Getting it wrong in relation to CSR, in other words operating in a CSI manner, can have disastrous social, economic and business consequences as the aforementioned companies demonstrate so well. The bi-polar model developed here is not a one-dimensional linea r process, as depicted below, in which investors, producers and consumers move from being irresponsible to being socially responsible. The trajectory proposed in Figure 3, based as it is on the Whig view of history in which the march of progress is seen as inevi duck, is an archetype to be striven towards. The Whig interpretation of history has been described by Marwick (1989, p. 05) as Table I CSR-CSI positions CSI Environmental degradation and pollution are inevitable and little if anything can or should be done Employees are a resource to be exploited Minimal community consultation and involvement Failure to comply, or reluctant and only basic compliance with legislation pertaining to CSR Ethical issues, if relevant at all are on the periphery of organisational working CSR Environmental degradation and pollution are not inevitable, should not be tolerated and it is all here and nowant(p) to raise awareness and commit to action Employees are a resource to be valued Maximise opp ortunities for community consultation and involvement Compliance with, as well as policy and practical actions that go beyond the minimum legislative requirements for CSR Ethical issues are central to and at the heart of organisational working Social exclusion is an inevitable by product of the operation of the Social inclusion helps to correct market inef? ciencies market New technologies should be developed and introduced to the market Governance of companies is best left to shareholders and management Work with suppliers and customers on an unfair basis Pragmatic approach to CSR issues Sustainability de? ned in terms of business survival Pro? is the doctor purpose of business and should be achieved at any cost New technologies should be developed, tested, evaluated and if harmless introduced to the market Governance of companies involves shareholders, managers and a wide range of stakeholders including unions, works councils etc Work fairly with suppliers and customers Principle d and pragmatic approach to CSR issues Sustainability de? ned in terms of business, environmental and community survival and mutual growth Pro? t is one of many purposes of business and should be achieved, but not at any cost Figure 3 Linear CSI-CSR model PAGE 304 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY JOURNAL VOL. 5 NO. 3 2009 j j . . the view, prevalent in nineteenth century Britain, that history was steady progress towards liberal ideas and institutions. The humans of CSI and CSR is something of a more complex dynamic. It is contested here that CSI and CSR lie at opposite ends of a continuum. On the CSI-CSR continuum individuals, groups and organisations are not static but move between the two extremes. Movement between the positions is two directional and is driven by external environment factors such as legislation, politics, technology, ? nance, economics, culture and such like. superstar factor may prompt movement towards CSR whilst a counter prevailing factor may prompt movement towards CS I.The dichotomous CSI-CSR framework contains within it an inherent tension that is irreconcilable given that CSR is an ever-evolving concept for example, the recent move towards bio-fuels intended to address the problem of climate deepen and global warming is now being called into question as a result of the in? ationary impact it is having on food prices. It is a two way variable process and movement is back, ship and multi-directional depending on the factors driving the issues. CSI and CSR need to be unpackaged in order to better understand the complex nature of their components, function, operation and practice. The model outlined in Figure 1 depicts the two-way ? ow of CSI and CSR and has the say-so to act as a incision for un-packaging and better understanding of the terms.The CSI-CSR model contributes to theoretical analysis and practical verbal description and explanation. Depending on which side of the model businesses choose to operate within CSR can be either a core o r add on feature. For companies at the left of the spectrum and although there is other recent examples (e. g. Bear Stearns) nothing typi? es this better than Enron, CSR is an add on feature to their business operation an afterthought instead than forethought. For companies at the right of the spectrum, such as the Co-operative Bank in the UK, CSR is a core feature that underpins, informs and guides their business strategy, operation and practice.Corporate communication practitioners could use the model to office and monitor CSR issues as they impact on their organisation. The model can be used in both a reactive and a proactive way. For example management might undertake a mapping and observe exercise, in other words a CSR audit, whereby they pose where their organisation lies on the CSI-CSR spectrum according to pro? t, ethical standards, human resources, community involvement and so on. Such an exercise will help practitioners identify areas in which their organisation is pe rforming well with regards to CSR and identify areas for improvement. The model is useful in so far as it allows for the application of theory to communication practice.The CSI-CSR model provides for an analytical approach as opposed to a more prescriptive, staged approach to corporate citizenship (Mirvis and Googins, 2006). Some of the issues impacting on and shaping the changing dynamics of the CSI-CSR continuum are shown in Figure 1 and given more detail in Table I. Almost inevitably CSI and CSR are ideal types and as such have potential but also limits to their usefulness. As ideal types the two approaches shown in Table I serve to represent the extreme positions. Reality is often a complex mix of CSI and CSR modes of working. In a business, community or organisational setting CSR practice in part depends on various stakeholder requirements, customer and business unavoidably.Whether with regards to customers, suppliers or the wider community a mix of CSI and CSR mode of working can operate comfortably alongside and within the various functional areas of management and the actual practices of the business itself. The CSI versus CSR framework allows managerial practitioners, theoreticians and others to discuss, contextualise and re? ect on their own practice in relation to CSR. In itself the model does not provide answers but as a managerial tool of analysis it allows for exploration of issues that may otherwise be ignored, or simply forgotten. Rochlin and Googins (2005, p. 2) write Increasingly, businesses are becoming exposed to the risks associated with the gap between what they say and what they do. What they say might be equated with CSR and what they do might be equated with CSI. There is a gap between management rhetoric and reality as it is experienced and lived on the ground. The CSI-CSR framework allows management to acknowledge company VOL. 5 NO. 3 2009 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY JOURNAL PAGE 305 j j mistakes, errors, as well as misjudgements and ther eby help minimise reputation and substantive business damage from the rhetoric-reality gap. Increasingly business recognises the need to move from an irresponsible to a responsible position on CSR/corporate citizenship issues, such as community involvement. The CSI-CSR model can be described as a conduit of corporate governance in that it acts as an enabler to action.As a problem-solving tool it can assist planning and thus help facilitate a potentially better managed, more productive and socially responsible, pro? table business. As previously mentioned a CSR audit can help pre-empt and react to problems and in this sense the model acts as a problem-solving tool by identifying business and organisational areas for improvement. Having identi? ed areas that need addressing the business or organisation needs to establish a CSR plan of action to limit potential damage and maximise potential gain. The plan will need to be monitored and reviewed and ought to have short, medium and long-t erm aims and objectives.In all of this both internal and external communication is central to deliver effective corporate CSR change. It is suggested here that CSI is better suited to the workings of the old shareholder business model with the CSR approach being better suited to the needs of the new stakeholder business model (see for example, Hutton, 1995, 1999). The old shareholder business model (Friedman, 1962) with its overwhelming focus on pro? t and little or no regard to issues such as the environment is prone to the adoption of irresponsible business practices, a current example being the case of American banks and the sub-prime lending crisis. In contrast, the new stakeholder business model (Freeman, 1984) focuses on pro? but also seeks to address other issues of concern. As such, the CSI versus CSR model is representative of both broader and deeper structural change within the body politic, economy and society. Hutton et al. (1996, p. 88) write Any civilised community sho uld be justly concerned to create as much wealth as it can, to run into that income and wealth are fairly shared and that centres of private and public power are properly accountable. The aim must be to build a free, moral, socially cohesive society based on universal membership, social inclusion and organised around the market economy. This is what we mean by the stakeholder economy and society.It can be argued that there has been a paradigmatic shift from a business model and way of working in which shareholder interests and issues such as replica on investment reign supreme, to one whereby different stakeholders compete to in? uence and shape the business agenda, so that shareholder interests are simply one of many. place this thought in mind another way of conceptualising the CSI-CSR model and its relationship with internal and external environmental factors is detailed below. Figure 2 serves to show that internal and external variables as well as mixing with and affecting ea ch other also interact and impact on the CSI-CSR continuum. The model conceived here is a rotating sphere intersected by its axis, the continuum. Business does not operate in a vacuum, it has rights as well as obligations and has competing needs to meet and address.Rights (see, amongst others, Locke, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1979 and Steiner, 1994), obligations (see Turner, 1986) and needs (see Ignatieff, 1990) change over time and between contexts. Customer needs do not always equate with supplier needs, for example in terms of delivery of goods. Compared to even the comparatively recent past businesses today have obligations to address environmental and sustainability issues, for example by sourcing all or part of their energy needs from renewable sources. Businesses do have a right and are expected as well as encouraged to make a pro? t but not at any cost, for example by the use of child labour. Increasingly businesses have to meet increasing public expectations and to address legal ob ligations around environmental and sustainability issues. The need of business to make pro? can, and does at times, coincide as well as con? ict with its stated ethical aims and objectives. Competing stakeholders with differing needs, rights and obligations have to be managed to ensure con? ict is minimised, the business survives, grows and is able to meet its commitments to CSR. How needs, rights and obligations are prioritised and met in the context of changing internal and external environmental factors can determine business, life, death and growth. Rotating as it does on its axis serves to demonstrate that external as well as internal factors can at PAGE 306 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY JOURNAL VOL. 5 NO. 3 2009 j j times buffet direction of the sphere and movement on the axis.Equally so, movement on the CSI-CSR continuum, or axis, can affect change and direction in the external and internal environment. Thus far the article has proposed a move away from a de? nition, explanation and analysis of CSR as a staged hierarchy as espoused by Carroll (1991) in his pyramid of corporate social responsibility. Here, an alternative conceptualisation is suggested based on the notion that CSI should be separated out from CSR to facilitate greater understanding of the terms, their meaning, nature and purpose. Issues interspersed and feeding into the CSI-CSR continuum are affected by internal and external environmental factors. Such factors give shape, form and context to corporate governance and CSR.Placing Carrolls (1991) pyramid of corporate social responsibility in a sphere (see above, Figure 2) as well as on and intersected by the CSI-CSR axis makes for an interesting theoretical and conceptual move. Putting the pyramid metaphorically in the sphere recognises that the levels of responsibility are inseparable to the way in which CSR is conceived. However, in suggesting that the pyramid and by implication the levels, can be rotated the inference is that the levels are neit her hierarchical or static but ? uid and necessary to the other. In this model the levels move and take on differing degrees of importance according to internal and external environmental factors and the issues impacting on the directional movement of the CSI-CSR continuum.Contextual factors mean that economic, legal, ethical and discretionary levels change position inside the pyramid and that one cannot be fully understood without reference to the other. There is almost coordinate chaos within the model and thus lends itself to ideas emanating from chaos and complexity theories (see for example Marion, 1999 Byrne, 1998 Rowley and Roevens, 2000). The signi? cance of this articles theoretical contribution is that it addresses the discussion and de? nition of CSR. By introducing the concept of CSI it counteracts the design to treat the concept of CSR as a one-dimensional single entity and unpacks the terms to reveal multi-faceted layers of complexity that are shaped by context. The idea of corporations acting irresponsibly is theoretically validated by the arguments posited here.As an analytical tool the CSI-CSR typology is of use to academics and practitioners as it facilitates the development of pro-active as well as re-active internal and external communication strategies. It is increasingly the case that CSR and CSI are issues about which corporations are required and expected to communicate. To do this effectively tools of analysis are required and herein lies the unique contribution of this article. think remarks This article has explored and analysed CSR and its antithesis CSI. That businesses act both irresponsibly and responsibly is highlighted in the distinction made by the terms. The terms themselves are often con? ated and a greater distinction ought to be drawn between CSR and CSI.It is wrong to equate irresponsible business practice with CSR. Writing about the issue of social responsibility Milton Friedman (1962133) assert that it was fundamenta lly subversive. More than 40 years on since making those claims it is interesting to speculate as to how Friedman would describe the concept of CSI. The concept may act as an af? rmation of his original statement and could well be described by some as being totally subversive. However, this description only tells part of the story, for the reality is that CSI allows for greater understanding and clarity of the processes and practices by which businesses operate in doing good as well as doing wrong.The CSI-CSR framework acts as a tool of support for management to identify issues that may do harm to the business, pre-empt or react to them, and thus not only place the business in a better position to survive but to also better meet customer needs. What some may deem to be a subversive concept is in fact a practical tool of analysis for an increasingly competitive business environment. The CSI-CSR framework enables businesses to better meet existing and emerging needs in a dynamic, high ly competitive, ever-changing business environment. The proposed bi-polar, dualistic model enables analysis of CSR business practice and allows for change and measurement to be reported on in terms of a sliding scale of doing good as well as doing bad. As well as operating as a theoretical conceptual model the VOL. 5 NO. 3 2009 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY JOURNAL PAGE 307 j j roposed framework is also a tool of analysis that can be applied and used to enhance and make more transparent systems and practices of CSR. Analysed at a super? cial, lingual level CSR is a concept that is hard to disagree with. It has a warm and positive feel to it and is something to which stakeholders are happy to sign up to in one way, shape or form. The sub-textual message inferred by the term CSR is that corporations are socially responsible. The term CSI challenges this CSR sub-text and poses questions around how corporations communicate these issues. That corporations can act irresponsibly is not something comfortably refuted.CSI and CSR are politically infused language based terms that surround and are about the roles of business, corporations and the politics and discourse of the workplace. The language used is soothing, calming and designed to advance dissenting points of view. It is about building consent. At the same time however it is important for business to acknowledge when things go wrong in regards to issues of social responsibility, know how to deal with and manage the communication issues surrounding them with a view to mounting a damage limitation exercise. One term cannot be conceived without the other, they are intertwined, go away to and are about each other. It is suggested here that CSI and CSR are part and parcel of the fabric of the ideal of a free, democratic, stakeholding, capitalist economy and society.As such, they are issues that require debate, monitoring and the engagement of individual and corporate active citizenship (see Marshall, 1963). Communication and dialogue are of critical importance for developing understanding and building knowledge of how to be a good individual and corporate citizen. For some the shift from a CSI to a CSR position is a perceptual rather than a substantive change. This critique of the CSR agenda is the voice of cynicism and belies what for others is an actual change in attitude and business practice. This of course is not to say that more could not be done. Such a critique is not without some merit in so far as CSI, even in todays open and transparent organisations, remains sensibly hidden from view.It should not be forgotten that CSI can impact on and harm companies bottom line and it is primarily for this reason that a conspiracy of secretiveness pervades organisations and workplace cultures where irresponsible practices exist. Communication using open and transparent dialogue within organisations can facilitate the breaking of silence around irresponsible corporate practices and might limit future damage and/or create new business opportunities. The majority of companies are keen to embrace CSR issues and of their own volition go beyond legal minimum requirements. Not only do companies want to do well by doing good, but also some want to do good because they believe it to be the right and proper thing to do. Not all businesses are communicating what it is they do in regards to CSR to best effect.Regarding their social responsibility practices a CSI-CSR audit can help businesses identify areas of strength and areas for improvement. In itself such an exercise can act as a useful vehicle of and for communication. It is increasingly recognised that adopting a CSR approach can be both an ethical and pro? table way to manage a business. Ethics and pro? t are not mutually exclusive terms but have a symbiotic relationship in the form of CSR. Though nevertheless, at the end of the day and as Friedman (1962) rightly noted, the purpose of business is to make pro? t. In revisiting the work by Carroll (1979, 1991, 1999) and his exposition of CSR this article has sought to build on and further develop the concept, from both an academic and practitioner perspective.In applying the CSI-CSR framework as a legitimate tool of application and analysis it has established the infix that business does not always act in a responsible manner and does at times, given a particular set of circumstances, act irresponsibly. The import of the CSI-CSR model is in establishing this idea and recognising that from a theoretical and communication practice based world viewpoint action can be taken to address and minimise opportunities for irresponsible corporate actions and to maximise opportunities for responsible social behavior. The broad de? nition of good, ethically driven corporate governance strives towards CSR and away from CSI. Behaving in a CSR way makes sound business sense, as Enron, Worldcom and others bear testimony.The challenge for the future (http//www. foresight. gov. uk/) is to move mindsets away from CSI and to CSR proper. PAGE 308 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY JOURNAL VOL. 5 NO. 3 2009 j j References Arpan, L. M. (2005), Integration of information about corporate social performance, Corporate Communications An International Journal, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 83-98. Birch, D. (2008), Analysis of CSR principles and concepts, Social Responsibility Journal, Vol. 4 Nos 1-2, pp. 129-35. Bowd, R. , Bowd, L. and Harris, P. (2006), Communicating corporate social responsibility an exploratory case study of a major UK retail centre, Journal of Public Affairs,, May, pp. 147-55. Bowd, R. , Jones, B. nd Tench, R. (2005), CSR and the Media, Summary Research Report, Leeds Metropolitan University and Connectpoint, Leeds. Byrne, D. (1998), Complexity Theory and the Social Sciences An Introduction, Routledge, London. Carroll, A. (1979), A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance, Academy of counselling Review, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 497-505. Carroll, A. (1991), The pyramid of corporate social responsibility toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders, Business Horizons, July-August. Carroll, A. (1999), Corporate social responsibility evolution of a de? nitional construct, Business and Society, Vol. 38 No. 3, pp. 68-95. Commission of the European Communities (2001), Promoting a European Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. Commission of the European Communities (2002), Communication from the Commission Concerning Corporate Social Responsibility A Business Contribution to Sustainable Development, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance (1992), Cadbury Report, Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, London. Cornelissen, J. (2004), Corporate Communications, Theory and Practice, Sage, London. Demetrious, K. 2008), Corporate social responsibility, new activism and public relations, So cial Responsibility Journal, Vol. 41 Nos 1/2, pp. 104-19. Donaldson, T. and Preston, L. E. (1995), Stakeholder theory of the corporation concepts, evidence and implications, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 65-91. Evuleocha, S. U. (2005), Managing indigenous relations corporate social responsibility in a new age of activism, Corporate Communications An International Journal, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 328-40. Freeman, R. E. (1984), Strategic Management A Stakeholder Approach, Pitman, capital of Massachusetts, MA. Friedman, M. (1962), Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. Hutton, W. 1995), The State Were in, Vintage, Colchester. Hutton, W. (1999) in Goldblatt, D. (Ed. ), The Stakeholding Society Writings on Politics and Economics, Polity Press, Cambridge. Hutton, W. , Field, F. , Kay, J. , Marquand, D. and Gray, J. (1996), Tony and the Tories this is what we mean, Observer, 7 July 1996, pp. 88-92. Ignatieff, M. (1990), The Needs of Strangers, T he Hogarth Press, London. Letza, S. , Sun, X. and Kirkbride, J. (2004), Shareholding versus stakeholding a critical review of corporate governance, Corporate Governance, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 242-62. Locke, J. (1958) in von Leyden, W. (Ed. ), Essays on the Law of Nature, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Locke, J. 1959), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 2 vols, Dover, New York, NY. Locke, J. (1960) in Laslett, P. (Ed. ), Two Treatises of Government, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Locke, J. (1979) in Sherman, C. L. (Ed. ), Treatise on Civil Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration, Irvington, New York, NY. Marion, R. (1999), The Edge of Organisation loony bin and Complexity Theories of Formal Social Systems, Sage, Newbury Park, CA. VOL. 5 NO. 3 2009 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY JOURNAL PAGE 309 j j Marwick, A. (1989), The Nature of History, 3rd ed. , Macmillan Press Ltd, Basingstoke. Marshall, T. H. (1963), Sociology at the Crossroads, Heinemann Educational Books, London. Mirvis, P. nd Googins, B. (2006), Stages of Corporate Citizenship A Developmental Framework, The Center for Corporate Citizenship at Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. Nielsen, A. E. and Thomsen, C. (2007), Reporting CSR what and how to say it? , Corporate Communications An International Journal, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 25-40. Riese, J. (2007), Thou shalt not be good enough (mis)understanding CSR, Social Responsibility Journal, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 15-20. Rochlin, S. A. and Googins, B. K. (2005), The Value Proposition for Corporate Citizenship, The Center for Corporate Citizenship at Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. Rowley, R. M. and Roevens, J. J. 2000), Organise with Chaos Putting Modern Chaos Theory to Work in Your Organisation, Management Books, Chalford. Sampson, A. (1983), The Sovereign State Secret History of International Telephone and Telegraph, Coronet Books, Philadelphia, PA. Schleifer, A. and Vishny, R. W. (1997), A survey of corporate governance, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 52, pp. 727-83. Steiner, H. (1994), An Essay on Rights, Blackwell, Oxford. Tullberg, J. (2005), What should companies be responsible for? , Business Ethics A European View, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 261-3. Turner, B. S. (1986), Citizenship and Capitalism The Debate over Reformism, Allen and Unwin, London. Wood, D. 1991), Corporate social performance revisited, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 758-69. Whetten, D. , Rands, G. and Godfrey, P. (2002), What are the responsibilities of business to society, in Pettigrew, A. , Howard, T. and Whittington, R. (Eds), Handbook of Strategy and Management, Sage, pp. 373-408. Further reading Center for Corporate Citizenship at Boston College and The US Chamber of Commerce Center for Corporate Citizenship (2005), The State of Corporate Citizenship in the US Business Perspectives in 2005, The Center for Corporate Citizenship at Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. European Commission (2004), European Multistakeholder Forum on CSR, Final Report, 29 J une.European Commission, Employment and Social Affairs, Industrial relations and industrial change, European Commission Directorate-General for Employment and Social Affairs (2004), ABC of the Main Instruments of Corporate Social Responsibility, European Commission. Little, A. D. (2003), The Business Case for Corporate Responsibility, Beacon Press, Uck? eld. similar author Brian Jones can be contacted at b. t. emailprotected ac. uk To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail emailprotected com Or visit our web site for further details www. emeraldinsight. com/reprints PAGE 310 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY JOURNAL VOL. 5 NO. 3 2009 j j

Cellphones are not necessary in teenagers’ lives Essay

No, cellphones are non necessary in teenagers lives. I admit this becaexercising I think cellphones ruin teenagers social life. First of all, teens like to use their cellphones to text. Something that is wrong about this is that these teenagers only will talk oer text but, never face to face. Besides texting on their phone, they also like to go on social networks such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, and Tumblr. Other teens that use these social networks terminate start rumors about you that may or may not be true. This butt joint lead to people talking behind your back at school and not having any friends that want to talk to you. Furthermore, teenagers having a cellphone can confirmation them from going out as much. The advantage of going out with yours friends is to socialize and bear fun. There would be no point to going out if you have a cellphone because you can just call each new(prenominal) or talk online.These are a few examples of how having a cellphone can ruin a tee nagers social life. As a teenager having a cellphone distracts me on a daily basis. For instance, when having a conversation with someone it makes it dangerous for me to concentrate to what the person in front of me is saying when an incoming message is sent. Also, having a cellphone beside you while doing your homework is not a great idea. bandage doing your homework you can randomly get a text message or a notification which makes it hard to focus on your work and hands-down to get distracted by your phone. So instead of doing your homework you will probably be playing a game on your phone. In sum to acquiring distracted while doing homework, teenagers also get distracted while doing their chores.This can lead them to not getting their chores done and later on getting in trouble by their parents. In brief, being a teenager and having a cellphone distracts me in many ways and most likely distracts other teenagers as well. Finally, having a cellphone when you are a teenager lack s productivity. Teenagers sit somewhere for hours doing nothing that is important. For example, you go on your phone and check your Twitter, Tumblr, and Instagram over and over again. Also, teenagers get so attached to their phone that they forget about their homework and the next day try to come up with excuses on why it is not done. Teenagers should go outside and breathe the fresh air but when you are on your phone you manage to sit around for hours which is not very firm for your body.

Students Guide

disciple 14-16 Guide Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Aims and objectives Business ownership floriculture Direct selling Ethics Factors of mathematical crossroadionion Growth Higher grades Insolvency project advertizement Kellogg and the product feel cycle Logistics Marketing mix New product set appearment Organisational theatrical intents Pre-issued persona Studies Quantitative and Qualitative foodstuff search Recruitment Stakeholders Training Unseen Case Studies View t break through ensemble the latest www. tt one C. p jalopy Xchange ideas You ZZZZZZZzzzzz 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2For to a greater extent selective information log on to www. tt100. plot/students Listings Visit www. tt100. plot for Case Studies on these topics from the following organisations. Aims and objectives Effective workplaces Aims, objectives and values Enterprising managers Ansoffs matrix Ethical supply trai n Corporate Social Responsibility Ethics Customer gain Factors of Production Developing rawborn give the axes Inclusion For more information log on to www. tt100. secret plan/students 3 Listings Liability Ownership Market look into PESTLE/SLEPT analysis Meeting changing regards Product portfolio Meeting customers motivations Quality MutualsRe-branding New product development Recruitment and selection Organisational structures Recruitment, selection and bringing up 4 For more information log on to www. tt100. game/students Listings Recruitment, selection and training Sustainability Re-positioning The sales function Roles of departments Total timberland management Segmentation and customer look ats Training Stakeholders Training for cometh bet on for business Unions For more information log on to www. tt100. game/students 5 A Aims and objectives Aims atomic numeral 18 the boilersuit goals that a business seeks to achieve. Aims arse be broken consume into objective s.Usuall(a)y, objectives argon more precise than aims. Because the segment for Education and Skills (DfES) and the Department of Health sponsor the National Healthy Schools Programme (NHSP), they atomic number 18 responsible for geological formation its aims and objectives. The Programmes key aims argon to 1. raise trains of achievement across the school population 2. curve health inequality 3. promote social inclusion. (Social inclusion is an approach that includes all members of a society preferably than excluding already disadvantaged individuals and separates. ) I atomic reactorly all aims and objectives should be SMART.Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic (or relevant) beat related. specify the website to see what this performer with a practical testple The National Healthy Schools Programme. 6 To drive bug out more near aims and objectives check out www. tt100. game/hda Business ownership B on that read/write head atomic number 18 a number of different t ypes of business ownership Sole Traders are owned and controlled by one person who is responsible for providing all the capital and prevailning of the business with un limited liability. Partnership ii or more people form a business and share responsibility and costs. They also view as unlimited liability.Private Limited Companies are owned by an individual or a be gnomishd number of people. Public Limited Companies owned by shareholders but the shares are open for anyone to buy on the stock exchange. Mutuals organisations where the owners are also their customers, Nationwide is a Mutual. This brings certain advantages. BUILDING SOCIETIES Members BANKS Shareholders Charge less(prenominal) to borrowers and yield more to savers Charge more to borrowers and pay less to savers Top Tip Ownership always appears in examinations. Make sure you know the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of ownership.In particular, youll need to call what liability means. Liabilit y means being responsible for paying the companys debts. It chamberpot be limited when it is restricted to the heart invested or unlimited where all personal assets prat be used to pay off a companys debts. To read this Case Study and more on Nationwide log on to www. tt100. biz/nationwide 7 C Culture Culture describes the typical way an organisation does things, including patterns of behaviour and relationships. Important aspects of culture at Coca-Cola Great Britain are an emphasis on teamwork and empowerment.This reflects the culture of The Coca-Cola come with as a whole. By creating a friendly, innovative culture, Coca-Cola Great Britain is able to depend on a in mettle nigh spirits quality workforce. This alleviates it to maintain brand leadership in Great Britain and in every other grocery in which it operates. Top Fact The Coca-Cola Company owns or licences nearly 400 brands in non-alcoholic beverages serving follow uprs in over 200 countries. Coca-Cola, Coke and th e institution of the Coca-Cola Contour Bottle are registered trade marks of The Coca-Cola Company. 8 To decide out more rough organisational structures visit www. tt100. biz/culture Direct selling DThis is where an organisation deals manoeuvre with consumers in their homes or by phone or mail. Amway is one of the worlds largest collide with sales companies. It full treatment with around 3 million Independent Business Owners (IBOs) in more than 80 countries. IBOs are usually individuals running an enterprise selling goods. These IBOs are the link between Amway and the final consumer. They are also Amways links with citizens and communities across the globe. As a direct selling company, they sell products now to consumers and bypass the traditional high street. In the UK Amway distributes a variety of products Personal Care strip Care & ColourCosmetics Durables Nutrition and Wellness Catalogue Items Home Care Fragrances, body treat and hair care products A range of skincare and colour cosmetics, Cookware and water treatment systems food for thought supplements, food and drinks Third party electrical goods Laundry, cleaning, and car care products For more detail on direct selling go to www. tt100. biz/amway 9 E Ethics Ethics are moral principles that run into the way in which an individual or a business be defys. A simple way of looking for at ethics is to consider what is sound and wrong and select the right option.Ethical companies do the right thing and concern themselves with the long term. Research shows Vodafones strong position. Stakeholders perceptions of Vodafones CSR Performance Competitor 1 Public 25% feel 10% formers Competitor 2 Public 29% The graph shows how Vodafone is perceive in comparison with other operators with regard to how seriously it takes its responsibilities to society and the environment. Groups of opinion formers and members of the usual were askedHow seriously do you think company X takes its responsibilities to soci ety and the environment? The percentages show the number Insert graph Pg 2 Col very of respondents replying 1 Para 2 seriously or fairly seriously. view 14% formers Competitor 3 Public 23% Opinion 5% formers Vodafone Public 27% Opinion 33% formers examination eons How smoke being ethical benefit an organisation give care Vodafone? stamp down your get along at www. tt100. biz/student For further explanation of ethics go online to 10 www. tt100. biz/vodafone Factors of Production F Land, Labour, gravid and Enterprise are the factors of production. Suppose you wanted to leap out a business. What would you need?First, you would dedicate to decide what products your business would offer. This decision would influence your view on what premises (or land) you needed, the kind of machinery essential and the type of labour to be employed. In addition, you would need to find the money (capital) to pay for setting up all these things. Above all, however, you would need organisationa l skills. In business terms an ability to organise, to loafher Product Capital with a pass oningness to take Land or Enterprise Labour ventures in pursuit of financial aid returns, is called enterprise.Some would consider enterprise to be the most important of the four factors of production, as poorly run businesses rarely survive for long. Land Securities is a property company. One of its main activities is renting out the buildings it owns. interrogatory Times Factors of production is a regular question on examination document. Log on to get a detailed explanation of each of the factors of production and how Land Securities combines them. To find out more roughly factors of production check out www. tt100. biz/land_securities 11 G GrowthAs organisations grow and develop they may change their type of ownership to suit their circumstances. A business owner may start as a sole trader. Funding may become a pressing problem as the business grows and the sole trader needs, say, to buy new equipment or to move to larger premises. In this fictitious character a sole trader may then decide to become a private limited company, which terminate raise additional money by means of a private share issue. A maturation business needs capital, this might be raised through issue of new shares (known as a new issue) retained profit overdraft bank loan hire purchase sale and leaseback.A growing business might go public and raise funds through a public issue of shares on the stock market, (a market on which stocks and shares are sold) known as a new issue. It is a good way for businesses to raise funds and grow. Investors basin then purchase these shares and become shareholders. Investors can put money into manufacturing companies e. g. Cadbury Schweppes. They can also invest in investment trusts. These are companies whose only subroutine is to invest in other companies. 12 For more detail on growth log on to www. tt100. biz/aitc Higher grades HHigher grades can be achieved by using examples from the Case Studies. Examiners authentically like it when you can relate class work to reliable organisations they give you extra marks At www. tt100. biz you can find loads of Case Studies showing how wellknown organisations positively implement the conjecture that you study. Its also very likely that you go out come across Case Studies in your exams. You will be able to find practice exam papers and mark objects to help you prepare for your exams on the website. If you cant find what you want straight away, use the site navigation to get to exactly where you need to go.We bear great Case Studies in a variety of formats to meet your own needs all-inclusive 2000 news program versions as those in the binder summaries 500 word versions Brief Cases 500 word versions with shorter sentences and less technical words. Youll also find Interactive Quizzes Test knowledge with these fun, synergistic quizzes masking piece the key topics at 14-1 6. Use them with the Case Studies or on their own as fiat its up to you. textual matter Book supposition Save yourself time by checking out the theory whilst youre on the site. Company Information Another time-saving feature, this section has links to specific pages relevant to course of instruction topics. Glossary Check out what business words and phrases mean by using our glossary of terms. For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 13 I Insolvency Insolvency means a business cannot pay the bills/monies that it owes. Taking a risk means risking failure as well as success. A business may fail because it has not correctly assessed the risks it faces. Many businesses succeed but others fail, they become insolvent.This means they do not have copious assets (what they own) that they can turn into cash speedily enough to pay their pressing liabilities (what they owe). By law, the owners of small enterprises, including all sole traders and most partnerships, have u nlimited liability for the debts of the business. This means that if the business is insolvent the owners may have to sell the things they own (including their homes) to meet the liabilities of the business. Exam Tip Liability appears frequently on most exam papers. There are plenty of examples and explanations on The Times 100 website.To read this Case Study and more on the Insolvency Service visit 14 www. tt100. biz/insolvency_service Job advertisement The Legal Services mission (LSC) requires talented people and needs to communicate this in its recruitment advertisements. They provide compelling reasons why umteen talented people with an interest in the welfare of society look to work for the LSC in a range of roles. J Testing Times Where do you feel would be the best place for this advertisement to be located? Local shop Local newspaper National newspaper Check your retort at www. tt100. biz/students To learn more on the Legal Services Commission go to ww. tt100. biz/legal_se rvices 15 K Kellogg and the product life cycle The product life cycle is the phases that a product passes through from design and development to it being taken off the market. Initially the product will grow and flourish. However, as new competitors come into the market and as excitement about the product falls, then the product enters a new life cycle stage termed maturity. If the product is not handled care fully at this stage we may see saturation of the market and the onset of a decline in interest. Life pass Sales Maturity Decline Growth Introduction Time Testing TimesAt which station in the product life cycle is advertising and promotion likely to be largest? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students 16 For further explanation of the product life cycle go online to www. tt100. biz/kelloggs Logistics L Logistics is another name for distribution. This involves moving raw materials to manufacturers and finish products to shops. Wincanton plc specialises in designing, impl ementing and operating solutions to customers supply problems. It can also manage all aspects of delivery and storage of goods for other firms. This is known as supply chain management.The companys activities include moving bulk raw materials organising the movement of supplies to companies managing the movement of finished goods to customers managing warehouse facilities. Top Fact Distribution accounts for 20% (on average) of the final costs of goods to customers. For more details on logistics visit www. tt100. biz/wincanton 17 M Marketing mix Argos makes sure that it meets the needs of its customers. Marketing involves discernment who the customers are and what they want through internal data initiations such as sales figures and through consumer search MarketingThe right products In the right place At the right price With the right promotional activities Top Fact About 80% of Argos customers have already decided what they want to buy in front visiting the store or website . Testing Times What methods can a company use to make sure it gets all these things right and reduces the risk of getting them wrong? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students 18 To find out more about the marketing mix check out www. tt100. biz/argos New product development N The process of bringing a new product to the market, ordinarily based on look and development to meet the needs of customers.It is vital that large companies use their research and development capabilities to bring to the market new, alternative forms of fuel and energy, whilst at the same time modifying existing fuels derived from pure(a) oil to make them more ecologically efficient in order to reduce greenhouse bungle emissions. Shell has pioneered the development of several new fuels e. g. hydrogen filling stations in Iceland, USA and The Netherlands. These fuel sources use water and renewable electricity to provide hydrogen to power cars. This hydrogen is free from carbon. give notice cell engine s running on hydrogen could make vehicle transport genuinely sustainable.Hydrogen can be made locally and water is the only direct emission. Carbon emissions can be adjust if the hydrogen is produced by using renewable power to electrolyse water. Shell Hydrogen is building a moneymaking(prenominal) business to begin tapping this potential. To read this Case Study and more on Shell go to www. tt100. biz/shell 19 O Organisational functions Organisations arrange their employees into different departments and areas. Cummins main activities is manufacturing engines and generators. Its departments are Manufacturing Making engines to the highest possible quality and reducing waste and inefficiency.Roles within manufacturing include people working on the factory shop dump as machine operators and as technicians. Administration Ensuring the smooth operation of the manufacturing process by offering get administrative support. Engineering Designing engines etc and create the prototy pes to their full potential. Sales and marketing Discovering customers needs and wants. Finding and developing sales opportunities for the companys products. Human resources Recruiting, selecting and training staff to meet customers needs. Purchasing and Logistics Ensuring that components arrive just-in-time (just ahead they are required for the next step in the process) and that finished goods are shipped around the world quickly and cost effectively. There are Case Studies about Cummins on the website. Log on and look at different areas of the business. 20 To find out more on organisational functions visit www. tt100. biz/cummins Pre-issued Case Studies P Some exams have pre-issued Case Studies ask your instructor whether there will be any in your exam. A good way to get a feel for a pre-issued Case Study is to lease a SWOT analysis.This should let you pick out the main elements and possible problems/solutions that the organisation is facing. Remember Strengths and Weakne sses are internal, Opportunities and Threats are external. You should be able to identify the main topics from the specification you are following. Make sure you fully understand these topics by logging on to www. tt100. biz and using the topic navigation to go forthwith to a Case Study which covers that area. This will make sure you fully understand the topic and, importantly, can apply it in an exam situation. Youll find lots of practice exams with answers at www. t100. biz. Practise answering these papers which are written in the same style as your real papers. This is excellent preparation. scholarly person GUIDES Check out our student guides with hints on levels of response, preparing for exams, an A-Z of help including topic summaries, definitions and more more. INTERACTIVE QUIZZES Test your knowledge with our interactive quizzes, check your results and try again to get them all right Access specifications and practice papers through www. tt100. biz/students 21 Q Quantitati ve & Qualitative market research Quantitative data is information that can be measured.Questions with yes/no answers known as closed questions are used. Qualitative data is all about peoples feelings and opinions. It is a great deal obtained through open questions (i. e. What do you like about it? ). 1. Quantitative research. This involves appeal information from an appropriate sample of shoppers to find out what their views are of Homebase and the customer service that it offers. An important source is a postal survey which Homebase conducts amongst a sample of Spend & Save loyalty card holders. This is through with(p) three times a year to gauge delight with, and loyalty to, Homebase.The survey allows Homebase to monitor satisfaction over time and highlight any areas that may be causing customers problems. Homebase is then able to collapse the frequency of problems relating to specific areas such as customer service, layout of stores, product range and delivery service. 2. Qualitative research typically involves smaller scale research about values and views rather than hard facts. For example, qualitative research involves interviewing small groups of customers to find out what their views are of customer service at Homebase. Exam Tip Questions often refer to sources of data.Make sure you know a few such as questionnaire interviews web poll government sources. Also make sure you know the difference between primary and secondary research. autochthonic research is carried out by the firm itself. Secondary research is data a company finds that has been through with(p) by someone else. To read this Case Study and more on Homebase go to 22 www. tt100. biz/homebase Recruitment R This is the process from where an organisation decides it has a position vacant and needs to employ someone, to the point where application forms are submitted for the vacancy. Selection is the next step.Audi provides a comprehensive recruitment service to all Audi Centres, wh ich includes role profiles, pay advice, recruitment advertising, interview guidelines and assessment centres for selection. Audi provides job descriptions for all roles including Apprentice and Audi Technician, based on researching the activities that high quality employees will be expected to perform. Testing Times What is the difference between a Job Description and Personnel Specification? Check your answer at www. tt100. biz/students For more detail on recruitment log onto www. tt100. biz/audi 23 SStakeholders A stakeholder is any individual or group that is affected in some way by a companys activities. The following identifies some of the stakeholders in Cadbury Schweppes Stakeholder grouping Interest in the company Shareholders Owners of shares in the company. These are Looking for sustainable, healthy dividend payments chiefly large institutions but also include a large and a rising share price. number of individual shareholders. Consumers Millions of people worldwide who b uy and/or lacking(p) to buy treats or refreshments that provide consume Cadbury Schweppes products. hem with quality,taste and value. They also want to enjoy their favourite brands as well as exciting new products. Employees People who work for the company, Cadbury Looking to the company to offer good terms and Schweppes has over 50,000 employees around the conditions of employment, a healthy and safe world. working environment and opportunities for personal and professional development. Society Organisations the company works with that have an interest in the communities in which the company operates, such as local governments, international agencies, non-governmental organisations and trade unions.Wanting the company to act responsibly and respect the communities in which it operates. For example, assisting and supporting communities, respecting the environment, trading ethically and respecting human rights. Testing Times Customers and suppliers are also groups of stakeholders. What do they do? What do they want? Write your answer down and check it at www. tt100. biz/students To read this Case Study and more on Cadbury Schweppes log on to 24 www. tt100. biz/cadbury Training T Training is the development of skills and knowledge to allow employees to carry out their roles more efficiently.McDonalds training involves a number of stages. The first is at the Welcome Meetings. These set out the companys standards and expectations. This is followed by a structured development programme that provides training in all areas of business. Crew trainers work shoulder-to-shoulder with trainees while they learn the operations skills necessary for running each of the 11 workstations in each restaurant, from the front counter to the grill area. every last(predicate) employees learn to operate stateof-the-art foodservice equipment, gaining knowledge of McDonalds operational procedures.The majority of training is floor based, or on-the-job training because people learn more and are more likely to retain information if they are able to practise as they learn. All new employees have an initial training period. Here they are shown the basics and allowed to develop their skills to a level where they are competent in each area within the restaurant. The timescale for this depends on their status i. e. full or part-time. They will also attend classroom-based training sessions where they will complete workbooks for quality, service and cleanliness.Testing Times stick out you think of three different types of training? For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/mc beginneralds 25 U Unseen Case Studies You are not expected to develop a great deal of data analysis due to the time constraints look for general trends in data. Has it got better or worsened? Place a + or a sign to help you when you look back. Ensure you use the actual figures given and not vague descriptions such as its bigger. You will get more marks is you say the data shows an increase of 10%. Try to look for themes within the case.What styles of management or communication can you see? Try to link these to the theory you have been taught and the specification you are following. The Times 100 has created a number of practice examinations to help you prepare for your final exam. Log on and download a practice paper then check how you would have done by accessing the mark scheme online. You can access all specifications through the website using the search by exam instructions. 26 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students View V View all the latest Case Study and exam information at www. t100. biz. You can download all the Case Studies and view them in different sizes depending on what you want full size summary Brief Case. Make sure you come about checking back on the site as it will be updated with new material to support your lessons in class and help you prepare for examinations. No matter what Business Studies course you are taking you will find all the information you need at www. tt100. biz. All the information can be downloaded which lets you design and build up an excellent set of notes for yourself to help you revise key topic areas.Seeing how real businesses deal with the same topics you are covering in school or at home will develop your understanding and appreciation. For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 27 W www. tt100. biz www. tt100. biz for all your business studies needs. Differentiated to suit all needs and abilities and available online. Case Studies are available at three levels full 2000 word versions as those in the binder summaries 500 word versions Brief Cases 500 word versions with shorter sentences and less technical words.Interactive Quizzes Test knowledge with these fun, interactive quizzes covering the key topics at two levels, 14-16 and 16-18. Use them with the Case Studies or on their own as revision its up to you. Text Book Theory Save yourself time by checking out the theory whilst youre on the site. Company Information Another time-saving feature, this section has links to specific pages relevant to curriculum topics. Glossary Check out what business words and phrases means by using our glossary of terms. STUDENT GUIDES Check out our student guides with hints 8 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students Xchange of ideas X Xchange ideas with your friends about topic areas. Youll probably find that your friends are really good at some of the areas you have problems with and that youll be able to help them in areas they are not so good in. Test each other with quick fire definitions and glossary of terms, all of which can be found on the website. Examiners like to see students using the right terms to support their work, which means they hand out a lot of marks for these areas.Dont miss out on picking up some prospering marks. Why not challenge one of your friends to an online quiz? See who really does know the most about a particula r topic, and if you dont do so well, practice so that next time youll come out on top both in the quiz and in class. For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 29 Y You You need to ensure that you are fully brisk for your examination. Past papers are excellent practice. You can get most of them free from the examination climb on website with answers. You can access these from the links on www. tt100. biz.Just reading theory and business books will help to a point, but seeing how it really works will stick in your memory much better. The Times 100 Case Studies are written and designed to help you see how theory works in the real business world. Start making your own revision guides up. Pick out the move from the Case Studies which interest and stimulate you. Mind mapping topics is a really good way to remember key areas. Look at the following you can develop this as far as you need to. A Case Study like Arcadia will help you. Autocratic Democratic Characteristics M anagement StylesTheory Paternalistic Type of organisation 30 For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students ZZZZZZZZZzzzzzzzzz Z Make sure you get plenty of rest before your exams. This means dont set forth the revision too late and try and cram it all in the night before. Research shows that little and often means you learn and remember more. Make sure you plan your time. Draw up a revision timetable which also builds in time for when you are not studying. Exercise and fresh air are equally important and keep will your body in shape as The Times 100 will keep your mind in shape.Starting revision early will ensure you dont put yourself under excessive pressure and will allow you to identify topic areas that you are weak on or find difficult to understand. By identifying and tackling them early on you wont be worrying about them. Dont forget you can always ask your teacher for advice and guidance. Remember simple things such as keeping yourself hydrated can make a colossal difference. So drink plenty of water www. tt100. biz For more information log on to www. tt100. biz/students 31 Something new for Edition 10At the bottom of our web pages you will find a magnifying glass. Behind some of the magnifying glasses there is a hidden letter. Collect the letters and re-arrange them to spell a well-known business studies term. Once you have registered your answer on our competition page, you will be asked a simple question, connected to the term. This will ensure your entry into our competition prize draw, where one lucky winner will receive vouchers for the High Street store of their choice. Go to www. tt100. biz and start searching today. dandy luck