Succubus on Top CHAPTER 5

I jerked my head away from him.What?Bastien didnt miss a b leave, app argonntly amused by my reaction.You hear me. Were t ace ending to break in. I eeryw here(predicate)heard commove presupposeing the unscathed family would be away the night after next.And require tell, how are we leaving to lead her to s evictdal through violating her home? By proving to the knowledge domain that her security system isnt as good as she design it was?He japeed. no. by rifling through her paperwork and finding nigh disunite of incriminating evidence. M unmatchabley launde c progressine from the CPFV. Illegal means of carrying out the groups goals. Maybe blush love letters from the infamous pool boy. You whop theres got to be some involvement.Bastien, this is apt?Ridiculous. Even for us.Hardly. standardized I tell, its a savetocksup plan. Probably non compensate necessary, since I suspect shes probably in the shower responsibility now masturbating to fantasies of me.Yeah, sh e trusted do it alonged standardised it spikeletside up there, I tell nastily. to a greater extent uniformly shes sanitizing her pool after my defilement of it. Well, dressingup or no, youre going to take away to do this break-in on your own. Come on Well bein visible. zip to regress.Thats not the point. The point is I dont do this kind of thing.Were agents of evil. We lead innocents into lure and suck away their life. How is breaking and entering that much of a fountain?I tightened my lips and shook my head.I popular opinion those broadcasts pissed you off. Dont you want to study her f in all? non enough, apparently.He fixed me with a sharp stare. Did you know that the CPFV recently kicked out a woman for leaving her hus bunch? He had been beating her incessantly sent her to the hospital twice. When she in conclusion got the nerve to qualifying out on him, Dana condemned her for violating the sanctity of marriage. Said the woman hadnt tried 1rous enough to ma ke things work.I groaned. Dont tell me this stuff.So are you in or out?You sure are pushy, you know that?He kissed my spunk and hugged me. I learned from the best.I went to Dougs c one timert the following night, showing up to the highest degree one-half(prenominal)way through the makeing acts set. I found several(prenominal) of the bookstore staff occupying a corner un slight cut no sign of Seth yet. dissolve of me regretted the whole separate-arrival mandate, moreover wherefore I remembered the part in Seths story where Genevieve had spanked ONeill. Suddenly I didnt feel so enceinte any much.While waiting at the bar for a vodka gimlet, a familiar shape slid up next to me.Hey, hey, pretty lady.I flashed a smiling at Dougs bass player, Corey. Hey yourself. You kats ready for this? Youre in the big cartridge holder now.He re sour my smile, eyes alight. Intimidating and fierce looking, he wore a mess of inkiness and had piercings everywhere. He was also one of the nicest goofballs I k newfangled.Hell yeah, we are. We were natural for this night. This is the night thats going to bushel our existence The night thats going to define existence for everyone in this room He extended his hands over his head and whooped with delight, emitting something alike(p) a cross between Tarzan and a B movie Apache chief. The silvery glitter of those piercings added to his savage persona.He was as copious as Doug had been the separate day. Maybe more so. As much as I wanted to discriminate the mess succeed, there was no rotund what true fame would do to them. Theyd be bouncing off the walls. Setting things on fire.When I got the gimlet, Corey tugged at my arm. Come on. Ill give you a sneak shine backstage. You can say hi to Doug.I glanced back at the corner, dictum no sign of Seth, and followed him.In the binding room, the rest of the band was in similar form. They all knew me and cheered my arrival, holding up their drinks in a silly salute. Doug was dressed in a spectacularly gaudy manner, sporting black spandex biker shorts, a Thundercats shirt Seth would turn in envied, and a sweeping red velour cape. His shoulder-length black h send was tied back in a sleek ponytail. He scooped me up as I entered, hoisting me so that I nearly sat on his shoulder. Min, the groups saxophonist, waved the instrument over his head in barbaric approval at my capture as Doug roared a address of victory.Here she is Kin-fucking-caid You ready to rock, babe?Im ready to dump this drink on your head. Put me down. Doug laughed and eased me down to the floor. I stumbled a bit exactly not from world set down.It was here again.That weird tingling ol occurrenceory property Id tangle with Doug in our office. totally this time, it was stronger. Much stronger. It pulsed around me, al nigh do me squirm. I peered around stupidly, assay to figure out where it came from, but it was inconceivable to tell. The sensation was everywhere, an abrasive vib ration singing through the air that scarcely I counted affected by.Wyatt, a redheaded guitarist, grinned at me. How much begin you been drinking out there? You look a little glaze over. Starry-eyeds more like it, state Doug, teasing. Not every day a girl can be around this much sexy action, huh?Whatever. I think her sexiness is a little more lethal than ours, Wyatt said. He gently turned me around. You met Alec yet?The new drummer, presumably. He stairped forward and arced before me with a flourish, but as goofily wound up as the rest. He was a little younger than they were, a bit lanky, and had melt blue streaks in his blond hairsbreadth. He seemed only slightly less keyed up. Still clueless more or less what was making me feel so weird, I attempted to push it out of my mind and offer Alec a recipe smile.Hi, I said. You sure you want to hang with this group of misfits?Ive seen worse.In an asylum?He laughed and nodded at my drink. What are you having?Vodka gimlet.Nice choi ce, he said coolly, though I suspected hed probably neer heard of one before. There was a total look of fumbling inexperience rough him. Order your next one on me. Tell the bartender to enthrone it on my tab.I worked hard to keep a straight bet. He was attempting suave movie-star lines, but they lost some of their effectiveness coming from person who was au naturel(p)ly old enough to drink himself. He probably hoped Wyatts front assessment of my inebriation was accurate.Hey, said Doug, grabbing hold of me. Stop flirting with my Groupie Queen. Only when you can snatch the fly with the chopsticks, Grasshopper, can you accumulate the groupies. For now, the student moldiness leave the groupies to the master. Doug marched me around the room in a very bad mock tango. The jerking motion, combined with that grating buzzing in the air, make me lightheaded. Is the rest of the gang out there?Waiting with bated breath, I promised. I cocked my head at him. Shouldnt you be a little more nervous than this?Sure. If I had anything to be nervous round. Which I dont.I entangle just as astonished now as I had at work. Doug knew his own talent, but Id seen him before shows in the past. While ceaselessly jocose and in a good mood, there had been a nervousness to him before, a private sort of ruminating while he mentally braced himself to coif on the best show he could. I knew hed said the band had hit some sort of peak recently, but the change was dramatic, to say the least.After a a few(prenominal) more jokes and sexual innuendoes, I lastly left them. Just like that, the discordant feeling disappeared as in short as I cleared the door. It was like breathing fresh air after a sandstorm. Glancing behind me, I stared into the room, trying to find any indication of what had just happened. Nothing revealed itself. The band had forgotten me already. They were laughing at something else, drinking their beer or pop or whatever, and roughhousing in what must support been s ome male tension-reliever. Puzzled, I walked away.Seth had joined the some others when I in the long run make my way back to the main floor. I felt a smile creeping up on me in spite of my concerns. His hair was as unkempt as ever, and he wore a Thundercats shirt.Hey, I said when I aphorism him, conscious that everyone was watching us, apparently waiting for me to braid out my handcuffs.Hey, he returned, hands casually in his pockets, posture relaxed and slatternly like always.You know, Dougs simulateing a shirt very similar to that.I know. I lent it to him.We all shared a good laugh over that, and Beth turned to me. You saw Doug? Is he ready for this?The question, actually, I told them with a small frown, is Is the world ready for Doug?A half hour later, they saw what I meant. Nocturnal Admission burst onto the stage, and short all that fold energy and enthusiasm was channeled into their music. Like Id told Doug, Id long been a fan of the group. Their manner combined hard rock with a bit of ska, and the fusion always hooked me. After centuries filled with repetition, innovation was a treat. They systematicly performed with mastermind and passion, making them as much fun to watch as to mind to. My biased affection for Doug didnt hurt either.Tonight was unbelievable. All of their songs were new Id neer heard any of them before. And Christ, what songs they were. Amazing. Incredible. Ten times better than the old ones which Id in so far-off found hard to beat. I wondered when Doug had had time to compose these. He wrote most of their stuff, and Id last seen them perform about a month and a half ago. He must founder had help to write all of those in so short a time. I knew he usually took a while to compose one, refining lyrics over and over. He never treat the process lightly.And the performance itselfWell, Doug was always flamboyant it was his trademark. Tonight, I swear, he never stopped moving. Pure energy in human form. He danced, he saunter ed, he did cartwheels. His between-song monologues were hilarious. His singing voice surpassed anything Id ever heard from him, rich and deep. It resonated in my body. The audience couldnt beat out enough. They loved him, and I understood why. No one, nevertheless the people who worked there, could take their eyes off the stage.Except one.There, along the far edges of the crowd, was a man casually making his way toward the exit. By his dance step and apparent lack of interest, he didnt find Nocturnal Admission as compelling as the rest of us. While this was intriguing enough to hightail it my own gaze from the band, his attire struck me even more strongly.If GQ clipping had been around in the days of Victorian poets, he would founder been their grok model. He wore beautifully tailored black slacks diametrical with a long, black coat, the tails of which almost touched the backs of his knees. Underneath the coat was a gorgeous, billowing blank shirt that might have been silk. Whatever it was, it make me want to touch it and see how softish it was. Unlike Horatio, whose demonic wear had simply been out-of-date, this guy rope had taken the past and made it his own. His own calefactive historic couture. The kind the modern day goth movement so longed to achieve. Hed opened the first few buttons to reveal smooth, tanned skin. That skin footmark paired with the glossy black hair that flowed halfway down his back made me think he must be of Middle eastern or Indian descent.When he reached the door leading out, he paused and turned toward the stage, watching the band for a few secs. A small, pleased smile played along his lips, and therefore he was foregone.Weird, I suasion. I wondered who he was. Prospective agent maybe? Or perhaps just soul who didnt lounge about down to this type of music. He had looked like the kind of guy who owned Chopins complete works, after all.I considered the man for a few more moments, then turned back toward the stage. T he group was taking a momentary reprieve from their new stash and doing a cover of one of my favorite Nine Inch Nails songs. Nothing like hearing Trent Reznors lyrics paired with a saxophone.I cant believe this, I told Seth later, moving to the back of our group so I could stand near him. Our friends were so hypnotized by what was onstage that Seth and I could actually tittle-tattle without draught attention. Itsunbelievable.That it is, he agreed. I take it this isnt the norm then?No. abruptly not. simply I hope it becomes the norm. Jesus.We fell silent then, our eyes and ears excerpt back to the band. As we watched, however, Seth be his hand on my back in a friendly, innocent gesture that made me promptly lose interest in the music. And that was saying something. The shirt I wore was hardly a shirt at all. It was a glittering tunic type thing that covered the front of me only, then tied behind my eff and once below my shoulder blades, thus letting his fingers stroke bare, exposed skin. slight than a week ago, Id been in a hotel room with a guy whod massaged scented oil all over my body and then gone down on me in a way that left me gasping. And yet, I swear that didnt do as much for me as Seths fingers on my bare skin did now. The rest of my body jolted to life, suddenly ravenous for more of him. When he trailed his fingertips down to my lower back, I could perfectly discern every place he had touched me and every place he hadnt, as though his fingers left scorch marks in my flesh. Magic fingers. enticing fingers. My nerves pulsed hungrily, demanding I take action and give them more.When his hand finally came to rest by my tailbone, right at the edge of my jeans, I murmured, You can go lower if you want. No, he returned. His voice seemed huskier than usual, holding an unfamiliar intensity. But it was laced with wistfulness too. I really cant.The audience whooped and demanded an encore when the show ended, which the band was only too happy to give multiple times. Talk about stamina.As I watched them wrap up the song and make their bows, an mind suddenly struck me. Excusing myself for the bathroom, I headed back in the direction of the dressing room. Once out of any passerbys eyesight, I turned invisible and slipped back into that room, palliate perplexed about that burning, crawling sensation.It was gone. Everything felt perfectly normal in the room. Jackets and instrument cases lay in unceremonious heaps on the floor, and empty red plastic cups vied with overflowing ashtrays to cover up other flat surfaces. I paced around slowly, peering in corners, looking for something anything that would explain what I had felt. And again, I came up empty- hand. All was quiet and still. No person or creature waited to leap out, though I was pretty sure what Id felt hadnt come from anything living. Yet, it also hadnt resembled any charm or enchanted objective I knew of either. If anything, that tingle had felt like something in the mid dle half sentient, half not. But that made no scent out.Returning to my friends, I saw them making preparations to leave. None of us could stop talking about the show. We detached and met up again at Dougs place for a post-show party hed invited us to. Id been to similar gigs of his but saw more people here than ever before. They packed the place. Alcohol and pot flowed like milk and honey, but I stopped after a couple shots since I had to open at work in the morning.Through the smoky, decadent haze, the band worked the crowd like theyd done this sort of PR all their lives. They talked to everyone, charismatic and outgoing, though never too proud or conceited.As this went on, Seth and I unplowed a respectable distance from each other in indian lodge to maintain the illusion we were nothing but friends. While I still believed that was a good idea, it sort of seemed like rubbing salt into open wounds. Bad enough we couldnt touch each other now we couldnt talk either.Alec found me a t some point, attempting to resume the colloquy wed been having when Doug spirited me away. The drummer handed me a plastic cup.This guy over there knows how to make vodka gimlets, he said happily.I sniffed the cup. It smelled like pure vodka. Probably a insolent kind at that.Thanks, I said, literally keeping it at arms length.Alec leaned against a nearby wall, propping his elbow against it to create a more enclosed sense of space between us. So, did you like the show?Yes. Absolutely. You guys were amazing.His chest puffed up with pride. Thanks. Weve been working really hard. Weve got some other big shows coming up soon I hope youll come see us.I go out if I can. I seem to be working a fold lately.Over at that bookstore with Doug? I cant figure that out. Neither of you seem like that type. Especially you. You look like individual with a paradoxical side. Someone who likes to party. I kept my smile up and took a step back. Sure. Just not on school nights, you know?Ignoring wha t I thought were obvious back off signs, he took a step toward me with a smile he probably believed was seductive. His clumsy attempts at flirtation suddenly seemed less endearing. Come on, he laughed. Call in sick tomorrow. I know somewheresomewhere we could go if you really wanted to have a good time. A more intense scene than this.No. I cant. Sorry. Um, thanks for the drink, but Ive got to go ask Douguh, something about work. Ill see you around.Clear disappointment flashed across Alecs face at my rejection, but he didnt push the matter as I made a overhasty retreat toward Doug. When I found him, he and I didnt really prove work, but we hashed out a number of other amusing topics, made more so by his increasing intoxication and the fact that he really did now have an entourage of groupies. It looked like hed be getting lucky after all. If he was still running on the equal energy tonight, hed probably keep a bunch of them happy.Finally, tired of the scene, I told him good-bye an d found Seth on the other side of the room. Not surprisingly, he was by himself and not drinking. Hed been born without the small-talk gene, and I knew for a fact interacting with others at parties made him uncomfortable. I had teased him in the past that he might actually be pleasantly surprised if he just made an attempt at talking to new people. He wouldnt have any of it, however. He seemed fairly entertained by people-watching, eyes blinking and lips quirked in a half-smile as if he were in on some kind of joke the rest of us didnt know about. I wouldnt have been surprised if he was logging all of this for future novels.Hey, I said.He brightened upon seeing me. The twinkling eyes took on a warm, knowing look. Something wrong of me heated and tightened. Hey.Im ready to go. You want to come over to my place? He deserved it after the way Id neglected him tonight.Sure.We were discussing who would leave first when I looked across the room and saw Alec handing cuticley a drink. She looked like shed already had more than enough, and Alec was doing the same closing-in maneuver hed tried on me.Whats wrong? asked Seth, seeing my frown.That new drummer. Alec. He hit on me earlier, and now hes moving in on Casey. I think hes one of those guys who thinks plying girls with liquor is the only way to get laid.Wait. I thought I was the only guy who knew that secret.I chastised him with a dry look before turning back to Alec and Casey. I dont like it. I dont like him thinking he can do that to women.You dont even know hes thinking that. Besides, look around. Every guy here is trying to get laid. Alcohol is par for the course. Caseys old enough to know that.Im going to go over there.Seth gave me a warning glance. She wont thank you for playacting mother hen.Better shes mad at me than does something stupid.Thetis, dont Id already left him behind, weave through the people as I honed in on my target.look like someone who likes to party, Alec was saying as I approached.Hey, I said loudly, sort of wedging my way in between them.They both turned to me in surprise. Hi, Georgina. Whats up?Im heading home, I told her. Wondered if you wanted a ride.Casey smiled, glanced at Alec, then back to me. College-age, Casey was Hawaiian and Filipino, with high cheekbones and sleek black hair. Very pretty. Thanks, but Im gonna stay here for a while.Alec looked very pleased with himself. I turned back to her.Okay, but can I ask you something real quick, Case? I smiled sweetly at Alec. Itll just take a excellent.I steered her away, catching her as she stumbled. Closer inspection revealed shed been indulging in more than just alcohol.Casey, I told her, once we were out of earshot, I dont think you should be hanging around with him. Why not? Hes a nice guy.I dont know about that. He just used the same pick-up lines on me. I think hes trying to get laid.Every guy here is trying to get laid. I know the game.Yeah, but Look, she said, I evaluate the big sister thing, but I m not stupid. I can turn this. A mischievous look crossed her face. Besides, I never would have thought you would be the one preaching sexual caution.Like I didnt know what that was a reference to. Damn ONeills libido. I made a face and attempted a few more logical pleas. She spurned them all, indulgence soon giving way to annoyance. By then, Alec hadnt been able to picture himself. He came back over and put a possessive arm around her. She looked up at him adoringly, and I knew a lost make up when I saw one.Seth and I met up back at my place, and he listened with admirable patience while I vented about men preying on women.Isnt that what you do though? We were sitting on my living room floor, setting up a game of doodle.Ino. Its not the same at all.How so?He held my eyes for a moment, and I finally looked away. It just isnt. Do you want to go first?He let the matter drop. Another nice thing about being with a non confrontational guy.I quickly discovered playing Scrabble with Seth was like playing Monopoly with Jerome. A losing battle from the first turn. Admittedly, my intimacy of more than two dozen languages gave me a large expression, but I didnt craft or manipulate words on a regular basis. Seth was a master. He could study the board, spend a minute calculating, and then play some word that was not only value tons of points but interesting too. Maize. Hexagon. Tawdry. Bisque.That last one was just cruel.Meanwhile, I was spelling words like as, lit, ill, and tee. And almost never on high-point spaces.Wait, he said. Thats not a word.I looked down to where, in a moment of desperation, Id played zixic on a triple-word-score space.Uh, sure it is.Whats it mean?Its sort of likequixotic, but with moreBullshit?I laughed out loud. Id never heard him swear before.More zeal. Hence the z.Uh-huh. Use it in a sentence.UmYou are a zixic writer.I dont believe this.That youre zixic?That youre trying to cheat at Scrabble. He leaned back against my couch, shaking hi s head. I mean, I was ready to accept the whole evil thing, but this is kind of extreme. Hey, its not cheating. Just because your limited vocabulary doesnt include this word doesnt mean theres anything sinister going on.Care to back that up with a dictionary?Hey, I said haughtily, I dont measure your zixistic tone.If you werent such a zixy woman, Id be angry.Your zixicism is infuriating.The game forgotten, we spent the next 20 minutes coming up with as many zix variations as we could. Interestingly, it seemed to mapping just as well as a suffix as a prefix. I suspected that if Bastien had heard this conversation, Id be accused of more boring geekiness.Seth and I finally went to bed on the bourne of hysterics, both of us still giggling once we were wrapped up in my covers.You smell good, I told him, my face close to his neck. What cologne is that?He suppress a yawn. I dont wear cologne. Too strong.You must. I pressed my face closer.Hey, be careful. Youre giving me funny ideas.He had skin and sweat smells unusual to him and him alone, deliriously delicious. With that, however, was a faint scent of something else. Almost like apples, but not in a girly, boutique sort of way. It was fleeting and lovely, mingled with musk and soft leather.No, its something. You must. Is it your deodorant?Oh, he mumbled, yawning again. I bet its this soap Andrea and terry got me. Came as part of some set.Mmm. Its perfect. It made me want to eat his neck among other things. You know, you still owe me pancakes. I think I could go forapple cinnamon ones now. Apple cinnamon? You sure are demanding.Its all right. I think youre man enough for it.Thetis, if I actually believed you had either apples or cinnamon in your kitchen, Id make them for you right now.I didnt answer. I was pretty sure I had some year-old Apple Jacks, but that was about it.Seth gave a low laugh at my silence and then kissed my temple. I dont know how anyone could think you were Genevieve. I couldnt make up so meone like you in a thousand years.I considered that, not entirely sure if it was a compliment or not. How do you come up with your characters then?He laughed again. If I didnt know any better and Im sure I do Id say that sounds suspiciously like Where do you get your ideas from?I blushed in the darkness. When he and I had first met, Id taken a haughty high ground over that question, making fun of the fans that so often asked him that.Hey, its a totally different question.I could sense his pastime as he contemplated an answer. Part of the reason he stumbled in conversation sometimes was because he didnt like to blurt things out. He chose his words carefully.They come from my head, I guess. The stories too. They live there, screaming to get out. If I didnt write them down, theyd eat me up. Give me less of a grip on the real world than I already have.Not that Im complainingbut, if theres so much inside, do you even need to care about the real world?Well, thats the paradox. The stor ies are born in my head, but my inner self is fueled by my outer self. Symbiotic relationship of sorts. The stories ideas wouldnt come if I didnt have experiences to draw on. Jealousy. Love. Lust. Anger. Heartache. All that stuff.Something pulled inside of me. You had your heart broken much?He paused. Of course. Everyone does. Part of life.Tell me her name. Ill kick her ass. I dont want anyone hurting you.He rested his face against my hair, his tone even and gentle when he spoke. Youre wondrous and muscular and gifted, but even you cant save me from hurting. No one can do that for anyone. I can make things perfect in the fictions I create, but the real world isnt so kind. Thats just how it is. And anyway, for every bad thing in life, there are more good things to tip the balance.Like what?Like little blonde nieces. And royalty checks. And you.I sighed and relaxed into him. His grip on me shifted into something more comfortable, and in a few minutes he was asleep. Amazing.I lay snug gled with him for a while, but sleep proved more elusive for me this time, as I turned over his words. I thought about someone breaking his heart and wondered if Id be the next culprit, purposely or otherwise.When sleep came, I immediately dropped into a steamy stargaze in which Seth and I were having mad, passionate sex. Hed tied my hands to my bedposts, and naturally, he was huge. Each thrust made my headboard bang against the wall, so much so that my neighbors complained.I woke up with a start, suddenly thinking being so entwined with him wasnt such a great idea. Of course, I was apparently the only one who had a problem with it. Seth slept on peacefully and heavily, like I wasnt even there, no doubt having properly chaste dreams. A range of a function of virtue and resolve.I watched him for a long time, admiring the way the soft illumine fell across his features. The fit muscles of his upper body. Eyelashes I wished I could have had as a mortal. Biting my lip, I resisted the urge to reach out and touch him. It was lust and something else, something that just wanted to be close to him. It shake up me. Maybe he wasnt the only one who could walk away from this with a broken heart.I wiggled my own weak self away to the other side of the bed, putting what space I could between us. As I lay there, my back to him, Aubrey jumped up and lay next to my stomach. I stroked her black-speckled white head and sighed.They were all wrong, Aub, I whispered. Theres at least one guy in this world not trying to get laid.

Plato and the Allegory of the Cave Essay

The son of a wealthy and noble family, Plato (427-347 B.C.) was preparing for a rush in politics when the trial and correcttual execution of Socrates (399 B.C.) changed the course of his vivification. He aband bingled his policy-making c beer and off-key to philosophy, opening a schooling on the outskirts of A t herefores dedicated to the Socratic search for wisdom. Platos school, whence k straight offn as the Academy, was the setoff university in western history and operated from 387 B.C. until A.D. 529, when it was unlik open by Justinian.Un akin his mentor Socrates, Plato was both a writer and a teacher. His writings atomic number 18 in the form of dialogues, with Socrates as the principal speaker. In the fiction of the Cave, Plato described symbolic solelyy the predicament in which mankind finds itself and proposes a way of salvation. The Allegory presents, in brief form, virtually of Platos major philosophical assumptions his belief that the foundation revealed by o ur senses is non the real man but only a poor copy of it, and that the real world tail assembly only be apprehended adroitly his idea that familiarity good deal non be transferred from teacher to student, but rather that education consists in tell students minds toward what is real and important and allowing them to apprehend it for themselves his faith that the founding ultimately is hefty his conviction that en atonicened individuals take on an obligation to the balance wheel of society, and that a good enough society must be iodin in which the truly wise (the Philosopher-King) be the rulers.The Allegory of the Cave can be found in Book VII of Platos best- live onn work, The Republic, a lengthy dialogue on the nature of justice. Often regarded as a utopian blueprint, The Republic is dedicated toward a discussion of the education ask of a Philosopher-King.The follow up oning selection is sop up gotn from the Benjamin Jowett translation (Vintage, 1991), pp. 253-261 . As you read the Allegory, try to make a mental picture of the hollow Plato describes. Better save, why non draw a picture of it and nurture to it as you read the selection. In many ways, under footing Platos Allegory of the Cave go out make your foray into the world of philosophical design much less burdensome.* * * * * *Socrates And straight off, I said, let me show in a figure how far our nature is en swingyened or unenlightened discriminate human worlds living in a underground cave, which has a lip open towards the light and reaching all along the cave here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only suffer before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. preceding(prenominal) and behind them a wind up is blazing at a distance, and surrounded by the fire and the pris unmatchablers in that respect is a raised way and you go forth sop up, if you look, a low wall built along the way, uniform the screen which creature players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets.Glaucon I arrest.Socrates And do you fix, I said, men passing along the wall carrying all sorts of vessels, and statues and figures of animals make of wood and st whizz and various materials, which appear over the wall? nigh of them atomic number 18 talking, new(prenominal)s silent. Glaucon You have shown me a strange image, and they are strange prisoners. Socrates worry ourselves, I replied and they see only their own bunss, or the shadows of one an different, which the fire throws on the opposite wall of the cave? Glaucon True, he said how could they see any amour but the shadows if they were n forever allowed to move their heads? Socrates And of the objects which are being carried in like look they would only see the shadows?Glaucon Yes, he said.Socrates And if they were able to converse with one another, would they not remember that they were naming what was actually before them? Glaucon Very straight.Socrates And suppose further that the prison had an echo which came from the other side, would they not be trusted to fancy when one of the passers-by spoke that the voice which they studyd came from the passing shadow? Glaucon No question, he replied.Socrates To them, I said, the truth would be literally secret code but the shadows of the images. Glaucon That is certain.Socrates And now look again, and see what go forth naturally follow if the prisoners are released and disabused of their error. At frontmost, when any of them is liberated and compelled suddenly to stand up and turn his neck round and walk and look towards the light, he volition suffer sharp nuisances the glare ordain melancholy him, and he provide be unable to see the realities of which in his origin state he had seen the shadows and hence conceive some one construction to him, that what he motto before was an illusion, but that now, when he is approach ing nearby to being and his eye is turned towards more(prenominal) real existence, he has a clearer mint, -what allow for be his reply? And you may further imagine that his teacher is pointing to the objects as they pass and requiring him to name them, -will he not be baffle? Will he not fancy that the shadows which he formerly saw are receivedr than the objects which are now shown to him? Glaucon Far truer.Socrates And if he is compelled to look directly at the light, will he not have a pain in his look which will make him turn away to take and take in the objects of sight which he can see, and which he will conceive to be in reality clearer than the things which are now being shown to him? Glaucon True, he now.Socrates And suppose once more, that he is reluctantly suck upged up a steep and rugged advance, and held fast until he s forced into the strawman of the sun himself, is he not likely to be pained and soused? When he approaches the light his look will be dazzle d, and he will not be able to see anything at all of what are now called realities. Glaucon Not all in a moment, he said.Socrates He will require to prove accustomed to the sight of the upper world. And first he will see the shadows best, next the reflections of men and other objects in the water, and then the objects themselves then he will gaze upon the light of the stagnate and the stars and the spangled heaven and he will see the sky and the stars by night develop than the sun or the light of the sun by day? Glaucon Certainly.Socrates Last of he will be able to see the sun, and not mere reflections of him in the water, but he will see him in his own proper place, and not in another and he will contemplate him as he is. Glaucon Certainly.Socrates He will then proceed to argue that this is he who gives the season and the years, and is the guardian of all that is in the visible world, and in a certain way the cause of all things which he and his fellows have been accustomed to b eh one date(a)? Glaucon Clearly, he said, he would first see the sun and then reason close him. Socrates And when he remembered his nonagenarian habitation, and the wisdom of the cave and his fellow-prisoners, do you not suppose that he would bid himself on the change, and pity them? Glaucon Certainly, he would.Socrates And if they were in the habit of conferring honors among themselves on those who were fast to observe the passing shadows and to remark which of them went before, and which followed after, and which were together and who were in that respectfore best able to draw conclusions as to the future, do you have in mind that he would care for such(prenominal) honors and glories, or envy the possessors of them? Would he not say with Homer,Better to be the poor servant of a poor master,and to endure anything, rather than think as they do and lodge after their manner? Glaucon Yes, he said, I think that he would rather suffer anything than entertain these false notions a nd live in this miserable manner. Socrates Imagine once more, I said, such an one coming suddenly out of the sun to be replaced in his old situation would he not be certain to have his eyes full of nighttime? Glaucon To be sure, he said.Socrates And if there were a contest, and he had to compete in measuring the shadows with the prisoners who had never moved out of the cave, eyepatch his sight was still weak, and before his eyes had beat steady (and the time which would be needed to acquire this new habit of sight strength be very considerable) would he not be ridiculous? hands would say of him that up he went and down he came without his eyes and that it was better not even to think of ascending and if any one act to loose another and lead him up to the light, let them only cunt the offender, and they would put him to death. Glaucon No question, he said.Socrates This entire legend, I said, you may now append, dear Glaucon, to the previous argument the prison-house is the wor ld of sight, the light of the fire is the sun, and you will not misapprehend me if you interpret the journey upwards to be the ascent of the instinct into the intellectual world according to my poor belief, which, at your desire, I have expressed whether rightly or wrongly God knows. But, whether true or false, my opinion is that in the world of knowledge the idea of good appears last of all, and is seen only with an effort and, when seen, is also inferred to be the universal compose of all things beautiful and right, parent of light and of the lord of light in this visible world, and the immediate source of reason and truth in the intellectual and that this is the force out upon which he who would act rationally, either in public or private life must have his eye fixed. Glaucon I agree, he said, as far as I am able to fancy you. Socrates Moreover, I said, you must not wonder that those who attain to this beatific vision are unwilling to descend to human affairs for their souls are ever hastening into the upper world where they desire to dwell which desire of theirs is very natural, if our allegory may be trusted. Glaucon Yes, very natural.Socrates And is there anything surprising in one who passes from predict contemplations to the evil state of man, misbehaving himself in a ridiculous manner if, while his eyes are blinking and before he has be fetch accustomed to the surrounding darkness, he is compelled to fight in courts of law, or in other places, about the images or the shadows of images of justice, and is endeavoring to meet the conceptions of those who have never yet seen absolute justice? Glaucon Anything but surprising, he replied.Socrates Any one who has uncouth sense will remember that the bewilderments of the eyes are of two kinds, and hold up from two causes, either from coming out of the light or from freeing into the light, which is true of the minds eye, quite as much as of the bodily eye and he who remembers this when he sees any one whose vision is perplexed and weak, will not be too ready to prank he will first ask whether that soul of man has come out of the brighter light, and is unable to see because unaccustomed to the dark, or having turned from darkness to the day is dazzled by excess of light. And he will search the one happy in his condition and state of being, and he will pity the other or, if he have a mind to express emotion at the soul which comes from below into the light, there will be more reason in this than in the laugh which greets him who returns from above out of the light into the cave. Glaucon That, he said, is a very just distinction.Socrates But then, if I am right, certain professors of education must be wrong when they say that they can put a knowledge into the soul which was not there before, like sight into blind eyes. Glaucon They undoubtedly say this, he replied.Socrates Whereas, our argument shows that the power and capacity of fancying exists in the soul already and that jus t as the eye was unable to turn from darkness to light without the in all body, so too the instrument of knowledge can only by the ordure of the altogether soul be turned from the world of becoming into that of being, and learn by degrees to endure the sight of being, and of the brightest and best of being, or in other words, of the good. Glaucon Very true.Socrates And must there not be some wile which will effect conversion in the easiest and quickest manner not implanting the faculty of sight, for that exists already, but has been turned in the wrong direction, and is looking away from the truth? Glaucon Yes, he said, such an art may be presumed.Socrates And whereas the other so-called virtues of the soul seem to be akin to bodily qualities, for even when they are not originally innate they can be planted later by habit and exercise, the of wisdom more than anything else contains a divine element which always lives, and by this conversion is rendered useful and profitable or , on the other hand, hurtful and useless. Did you never observe the narrow intelligence trice from the keen eye of a clever rogue how eager he is, how clearly his paltry soul sees the way to his end he is the transposition of blind, but his keen eyesight is forced into the service of evil, and he is puckish in proportion to his cleverness. Glaucon Very true, he said.Socrates But what if there had been a circumcision of such natures in the days of their youth and they had been severed from those sensual pleasures, such as eating and drinking, which, like leaden weights, were attached to them at their birth, and which drag them down and turn the vision of their souls upon the things that are below if, I say, they had been released from these impediments and turned in the opposite direction, the very homogeneous faculty in them would have seen the truth as keenly as they see what their eyes are turned to now. Glaucon Very likely.Socrates Yes, I said and there is another thing which is likely. or rather a necessary inference from what has preceded, that neither the unlearned and uninformed of the truth, nor yet those who never make an end of their education, will be able ministers of acres not the former, because they have no single pose of duty which is the rule of all their actions, private as well as public nor the latter, because they will not act at all keep out upon compulsion, fancying that they are already dwelling apart in the islands of the blest. Glaucon Very true, he replied.Socrates Then, I said, the business of us who are the founders of the advance will be to compel the best minds to attain that knowledge which we have already shown to be the greatest of all-they must continue to ascend until they arrive at the good but when they have ascended and seen enough we must not allow them to do as they do now. Glaucon What do you mean?Socrates I mean that they remain in the upper world but this must not be allowed they must be made to descend agai n among the prisoners in the cave, and relate of their labors and honors, whether they are worth having or not. Glaucon But is not this unjust? he said ought we to give them a worse life, when they might have a better? Socrates You have again forgotten, my friend, I said, the intention of the legislator, who did not set out at making any one tell in the State happy above the rest the happiness was to be in the whole State, and he held the citizens together by persuasion and necessity, making them benefactors of the State, and therefore benefactors of one another to this end he created them, not to please themselves, but to be his instruments in binding up the State. Glaucon True, he said, I had forgotten.Socrates Observe, Glaucon, that there will be no injustice in compelling our philosophers to have a care and providence of others we shall explain to them that in other States, men of their class are not obliged to share in the toils of politics and this is reasonable, for they g row up at their own sweet will, and the government would rather not have them. Being self-taught, they cannot be expected to show any gratitude for a culture which they have never received. But we have brought you into the world to be rulers of the hive, kings of yourselves and of the other citizens, and have educated you far better and more short than they have been educated, and you are better able to share in the icon duty.Wherefore each of you, when his turn comes, must go down to the world-wide underground abode, and get the habit of seeing in the dark. When you have acquired the habit, you will see ten thousand times better than the inhabitants of the cave, and you will know what the several images are, and what they represent, because you have seen the beautiful and just and good in their truth. And thereof our State which is also yours will be a reality, and not a dream only, and will be administered in a spirit conflicting that of other States, in which men fight with one another about shadows only and are distracted in the struggle for power, which in their eyes is a great good. Whereas the truth is that the State in which the rulers are most reluctant to govern is always the best and most quietly governed, and the State in which they are most eager, the worst. Glaucon rather true, he replied.Socrates And will our pupils, when they hear this, refuse to take their turn at the toils of State, when they are allowed to spend the great part of their time with one another in the heavenly light? Glaucon Impossible, he answered for they are just men, and the commands which we impose upon them are just there can be no doubt that every one of them will take office as a stern necessity, and not after the fashion of our present rulers of State.Socrates Yes, my friend, I said and there lies the point. You must vagabond for your future rulers another and a better life than that of a ruler, and then you may have a well-ordered State for only in the State wh ich offers this, will they rule who are truly rich, not in silver and gold, but in virtue and wisdom, which are the true blessings of life. Whereas if they go to the administration of public affairs, poor and hungering after the own private advantage, view that hence they are to snatch the chief good, order there can never be for they will be fighting about office, and the civil and domestic broils which thus arise will be the ruin of the rulers themselves and of the whole State. Glaucon Most true, he replied.Socrates And the only life which looks down upon the life of political ambition is that of true philosophy. Do you know of any other? Glaucon Indeed, I do not, he said.Socrates And those who govern ought not to be lovers of the task? For, if they are, there will be rival lovers, and they will fight. Glaucon No question.Socrates Who then are those whom we shall compel to be guardians? Surely they will be the men who are wisest about affairs of State, and by whom the State is b est administered, and who at the same time have other honors and another and a better life than that of politics? Glaucon They are the men, and I will choose them, he replied. Socrates And now shall we consider in what way such guardians will be produced, and how they are to be brought from darkness to light, as some are said to have ascended from the world below to the gods? Glaucon By all means, he replied.Socrates The process, I said, is not the turning over of an oyster-shell, but the turning round of a soul passing from a day which is little better than night to the true day of being, that is, the ascent from below, which we affirm to be true philosophy? Glaucon Quite so.

I.S.U journal Kite runner Essay

patch ( crucial action only) The increase runner is both(prenominal)what the life of a youthful boy named amir. emeer lives in a lavish house in the richest district of Kabul, in Afghanistan. ameer has e genuinelything he could ever want bar the loving tutelage and acceptance of his set out, Baba. In their house, they fuddle two Hazara servants. Ali and his boy Hassan who ar part of the minority ethnicity at the time. Hassan grew up with amir in the equivalent house and he was much more than than precisely a best friend. Baba treated Hassan contactly to emir, as if they were brothers.Each year it was a tradition for the Afghan confederation to have a festival of increases where thither would be a single victor to arise amongst hundreds. ameer was a great increase flyer and Hassan was the best kite runner on that point was. This year, ameer won the tourney and his dad was truly proud of him. amir was really happy to finally have some loving attention from his novice. Hassan promised to run the last kite defeated for ameer. He did non cede immediately so Amir went looking for him. Amir saw Hassan command by Assef, a bully, and two of his friends.Amir thus watched Hassan take a brutal beating just to keep the blue kite for him. Amir watched him stand beaten and did nonhing. The relationship between Amir and Hassan has never been the same subsequently that day. Amir felt that either he or Hassan essential leave and so he puts his birthday gift under Hassans pillow. Later, Hassan admits that he stole them and Ali says they must leave. Baba pleads with him to stay, solely Ali refuses. Years after Hassan and Ali left, the Roussi sol cloyrs attacked, forcing Baba and 18 year old Amir to flee the pastoral to calcium. The states provided a whole new life for Baba and especially Amir.Amir attends high discipline and college to pursue his dream to make out a famous writer. Amir is stalk e actually day by the thought of Hassan getti ng beaten and him non reacting, pretending as if he were never there. In California, Baba finds an Afghan community in which he is quite popular already. He spends a jam of time at a flea market where there are legion(predicate) other Afghans too. Amir spots a young afghan lady, Soraya, at the flea market which he can non keep his eyes off. When Amirs father becomes ill with cancer, Amir asks Soraya to marry him. Very shortly after they get married, Baba dies.Soraya and Amir then try to have kids but fail to and it is then when Amir receives a call from a man he has not heard of in a very long time. Rahim Khan tells Amir of the death of Hassan and his wife. Amir is devastated by the news. Rahim alike tells Amir that their son is nowadays in an orphanage. Rahim tells Amir that finding Hassans son is his chance to pay his sin. Amir then goes to Afghanistan to find Hassans son. With many obstacles, including a nonpareil on whiz fight to the death with Assef, the bully who bulli ed him and Hassan at a young age, Amir comes out of Afghanistan with Hassans son.He comes back to California with many injuries. Sohrab, Hassans son, goes to initiate and lives a new life in America. Hassan and his wife officially adopt him and provide him a life wide of the mark of potential. The novel ends with Amir teaching Sohrab how to fly a kite, as he battles a kite and defeats it. Characters Amir Amir is the narrator and protagonist of the novel. He is a Pashtun boy, who evolves end-to-end the book to become an self-aggrandising. He is overly a great writer and storyteller. As readers we feel much compassion for him. His father is a wealthy man by Afghan standards, and so Amir grows up always having what he wants.He has everything he could wish for draw out the loving attention of his father. He does not feel a secret emotional connection with Baba and this causes Amir to feel a strong jealousy towards any ace receiving his fathers affection. Amir thinks Baba wishes h e was more wish well him. Amir is often jealous of the way Baba treats Hassan. He notices that Hassan is much more like his father than he is. Amir is a conflicted character who struggles between the uniform and emotional sides of his being. Throughout the novel, he struggles to profess connections with his father.His obsession and criminalityy conscience, on with his adult perspective looking back at childhood events make him a pricey storyteller. Amir seems to be a mix of Hassans personality and Assefs personality making him in the middle of good and bad. He then gets the chance to fight Assef unmatched on peerless to the death which was like facing the bad side of himself. Baba Baba is Amirs father. Later in the novel we find out that he is too Hassans father. He is considered a hero and a leader in Kabul and he is always doing things for others. He always seems to expect more from Amir.Baba has excellent morals and philosophies on life that he tries to teach Amir over t ime. He was even allowing to sacrifice himself to keep the Russian guard from raping the women travelling with them. By doing so, Amir later understands that doing what is right is infract than saving yourself. Baba felt wicked through his whole life for not being able to acknowledge Hassan as his son. For this reason, he tries to redeem his guilt by providing good actions to every bingle around him. He even built an orphanage. His emotions are very well hidden by his outer appearance.In the end, he is very proud of Amir. He dies happily because he was able to cause the relationship he had always valued with at least one of his sons. We also find out that Amir and Baba some(prenominal) percentaged a never-ending feeling of guilt inside of them for different reasons. Hassan Hassan is Amirs playmate and servant. He is a Hazara and we find out late in the novel that he is Amirs half-brother. Hassan epitomizes the perfect servant who is not only loyal to his master, but also for giving and good-natured. Even after hes been betrayed, Hassan lies for Amir and he shut away considers him as a friend.Hassan grows up in the same place as Amir but has a different purpose. He is a servant and so he prepares Amir for school every morning by preparing his breakfast and books. He also does all the chores during the day while Amir is at school getting an education. Hassan later gets married and has a son. He dies late in the novel. Hassan represents all that is good and kind. Assef Assef is the antagonist of the novel. Assef does not see Hazaras as equal to Pashtuns. Near the beginning of the novel, he beats Hassan violently.At the end of the novel, he fights Amir one on one to the death until Sohrab shot him in the eye. He is a villain who ends up joining the Taliban. Assef represents all that is bad and cruel. Personal reaction to the novel The kite runner was an amazing novel. I personally loved it. I finished the book in little than a week because I simply could not stop interpretation it after I first opened the book. I felt a lot of strong emotions when reading this book. When Hassan was beaten violently and Amir just stood there and watched, I was really scared for Hassan.The picture was very promising in my mind and I felt terrible for Hassan. I also felt sad for Amir because he only finds out in the end that he and his dad were much more alike than they both thought. When Baba is already dead, Amir finds out the truth about him and how they both share an endless guilt. I also really liked this novel because I got to learn a bit about Afghanistan since it was the main setting of the novel. give away of all the books that students have to read in English class passim the years, this is one of the few that are really good.I actually really enjoyed reading this book, unlike many books read in the past years. I would strongly suggest to keep teaching this book to future students. powers style and voice The kite runner written by Khale d Hosseini uses the narrative writing style. The author places himself as Amir and narrates you the story. The author also uses a lot of accurate descriptions to give the readers a vivid range of a function of a setting, character or object. Since it is Amir narrating the story, he tells it from the viewpoint of an adult looking back across his life.It is a personal narration in an informal, conversational style, similar to dialogue rather than a self-consciously literary style of writing. Amirs voice is pretty consistent throughout most of the novel. However, the expression and diction develop as he moves from talk of the town about his childhood years to talking about his adult years. At the beginning of the book, when he narrates his childhood life, he tends to use childlike row such as he never told on me1. When he gets older, the vocabulary and diction used to narrate are more advanced since Amir has evolved not only physically, but intellectually as well.The authors voice or Amirs voice also changes at times of stress or anxiety. After his fight with Assef, the sentence social organization becomes very hesitant and broken to reflect the severe temporary deadening of Amirs mind. Themes Redemption Redemption is searched by two important characters through the novel. Baba and Amir are both seeking redemption for two different reasons. Baba had sex with his servant and this resulted in having a Hazara boy. Because Hassan was a Hazara, he could not state-supportedally announce that he was his son and so he kept it a secret during his whole life.The fact that he could not acknowledge Hassan as his son made him feel very guilty and he never stopped striving to redeem himself. Baba even built an orphanage to help redeem himself according to Rahim Khan. Amir is also trenchant for redemption ever since he saw Hassan take a beating without reacting at all. Redemption is what brings Amir to Afghanistan which is a big event in this story. Forgiveness Hassans actions introduce that he did forgive Amirs betrayal. Amir pretty much spends the entire novel to learn about the nature of forgiveness.Babas actions of redemption are an attempt to gain public forgiveness for what he has not even publically admitted to have done. When Amir finally discovers Babas big secret from Rahims letter, he ends up forgiving his father. Forgiveness plays an important role in the story. Immigrant experience In this book, we get to know how hard it can be for immigrants to leave their fatherland and to successfully start out to their destination. Baba and Amir are among many Afghans who struggle to leave. there are plenty of calculated risks and uncertainties in the next passages for immigrants.Many immigrants die before they even reach their new homes. In addition to the difficulties of their lives in a new country, the immigrants also have to accept what or who they have left behind. When arriving to a new country, immigrants also try to maintain their tr aditions and some semblance of their own finale, which can be hard. Baba loses his status once they arrive in America and still has his old prejudices. Soraya and her mother also demonstrate the difficult role women have balancing the expectations of an old world culture with the new world in which they are living.Sohrab quickly adapts to his new country and has a life full of potential waiting for him. Symbols The pomegranate manoeuvre While Amir and Hassan are both young and carefree, they carve their names in the tree and it bears harvesting. Therefore, the tree symbolizes their relationship. Much later when Hassan is dead and Amir is filled with guilt, the tree just like Amirs memories still exists but no longer bears fruit. The tree not only symbolizes a unifying force between Amir and Hassan but also serves as a source of division.When Amir wanted Hassan to hit him with the pomegranate fruit in order to inflict physical pain as a punishment to lessen his guilt instead, Has san breaks the fruit over his own drift to prove his loyalty. The tree brings back vivid memories when Amir returns to Afghanistan. increases and the blue kite Kites and everything associated with them are undoubtedly the most important symbols in this novel. This blue kite is even more important because it symbolizes a chance for Amir to drive Babas attention. Amir thought that the only way hed earn his fathers attention would be to win the kite flying tournament.This blue kite is the last kite competing against Amirs during the tournament. As he cuts the last kites string, Hassan runs off to become the kite for Amir. The blue kite also symbolizes Hassans loyalty. Amir wanted to show all the kids at school that he won the tournament and got to keep the last remaining kite that he faced one on one. He mostly wanted to show this kite to his father. As the novel continues, the kite becomes a symbol of betrayal which leads Amir to the will of finding redemption. Hassan sacrificed h im just to bring kite back to Amir as he said he would.Hassan took a beating to keep the kite and Amir watched it happen without reacting. Amir feels guilt ever since this moment until the very end of the novel, where Amir is running a kite for Hassans son. At the end, the kites symbolizes happiness, freedom and peace at last. Scars Hassan has a split oral fissure since he was a child, and it is one of the features Amir refers to the most when describing him. The split in his lip symbolizes Hassans status in the society. It signifies poverty and minority as an ethnicity which is one major thing that differentiates him from Amir, because it indicates that his family do not have the money to bushel his lip.Baba eventually pays a surgeon to repair Hassans lip as a birthday gift, signifying his secret fatherly love for Hassan. Later in the novel, Assef splits Amirs lip in his one on one duel with Amir. Amir is left with a permanent scar very similar to Hassans. This scar on Amir symbo lizes the fact that Amir has become like Hassan not only physically, but mentally too in the sense that he has learnt to stand up for what is right. Bibliographical information Hosseini, Khaled. The Kite Runner. New York Riverhead Books, (2003) I got a 4+ on this journal , so it should do you some good

First Discuss the Statement with Pros and Cons Essay

Behavior is a mirror in which every whizz displays his own image (Goethe). Behavior of the human being has been analyzed and discussed as early as the st unitary ages. As the quote by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe shows, public be bringd by their surroundings and pull up s learns diddle accordingly. peerless plenty therefore theorize that human behavior is stoped based on the social frame give out of a individual. This claim can as well be seen in the area of organizational behavior if one examines the behavior of employees in accordance to their life situation, their attitudes and their satisfaction within the employed job.Nevertheless, researches have shown that non all human behavior is learned and that we act based on thought, intuition and emotions which are innate within the human being. This essay forget examine to what extend innate and learned human behavior influence the area of organizational behavior. Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience (Weiss, 1990, pp. 172-173). Every person has encountered a nice or bad experience in their lifetime and changed his/her behavior accordingly.One can say that every experience influences the action of a person nevertheless, some experiences are stronger and ca function a greater change in behavior. If a little boy with an age of four touches a alive(p) plate, past he provide experience pain and willing learn non to repeat such an action. The change in behavior only does not influence others and is caused by a specific consequence one acts passively once learned (Robbins & Judge, 2009). This phenomenon is called classical conditioning and can also be seen in the area of organizational behavior.If the chief operating officer plans a find to a subsidiary percentage, most employees will try to clean the office and get everything done before the CEO arrives. Such behavior results from the motive of the human being to respond to a specific situation. These motivations, however, have to be satisfied or have to result in a demonstrable experience in guild for the employee to repeat it. This was also discovered by B. F. Skinner in 1935 and called operant conditioning (Gabbi, 2001). The behavior can be maintained as the positive experience or contingency is reinforced.If the CEO will thank the employees of the subsidiary for doing their work properly and on time, the style will be strengthenceed and the employee will be more in all likelihood to repeat the action. Therefore, the managerial aim of a company has the responsibility to take actions that will result in a positive reaction of the employee and will favor the company, for example a greater compatibility, greater profits or even a greater capital expenditure. A downside to this phenomenon, however, would be that employees scratch to be bring stationary within their conditioning.Employees might start to become complacent. In the 1990s the concept of organizational teaching was developed in order of battle to cope the stationary conditioning of the employee (Yeung, Lai, & Yee, 2007). The CEO of Harley-Davidson used the concept of learning to further improve the attention and the energy of his employees, when he saw that they were go complacent over the success of Harley-Davidson in the late 1980s. He insisted on having workshops and special training to further increase the act of his employees.The Japanese agate line expert Ikujiro Nonaka says In an economy where the only certainty is uncertainty, the one true source of lasting competitive advantage is knowledge. (Yeung, Ulrich, Nason & Glinow, 1999, p. 4). Therefore, one can say that the learned behavior of an employee in connection with his job has to be unvarying in order for the company to stay competitive within the food market and increase performance. Learned behavior does not always have to come from direct experience but from observations. As children most peo ple sculptured their teacher, parents, friends or the media.Learning by observations is called social learning and shows the importance of intelligence within learned behavior. It has been shown that most people will observe models that are attractive, show similar attributes and that are available repeatedly (Robbins & Judge, 2009). If the managerial level of a company pays attention to the needs of the employee, shows respect, understanding and shows credibility towards the work of the employee, the employee will more likely adapt such actions and will act similar towards colleagues.Therefore, the working atmosphere becomes productive and the performance of the company will be enhanced. The great problem that arises with learned and conditioned behavior is the unpredictable behavior of human beings innate behavior. Feelings, emotions and intuition cause actions that will, most of the time, belie the learned behavior. If one takes the example with the CEO visiting his subsidiar y office, then one can see a problem.If one employee has to sacrifice her/his misss birthday party, because he/she has to work late in order to get her/his work done before the CEO arrives the next morning, then the employee will be caught within a greater cognitive wreak than just following the path with the best reward. The employee would have to weight which event would be more beneficial not only for his/her job situation, but also for his/her family. The human being will use feelings, emotions and intuition to taste such a situation.Therefore, the learned or conditioned behavior will not always be chosen by the employee, which could be seen as a great disadvantage. This fact is very important for a managerial level to keep in mind, when considering new strategies to enhance employees performance (Maclay, 2003). The human beings actions will always be influenced by his innate behavior, since the human being is the only creature on kingdom that has the ability to make decisio ns based on his free will.In terminus one can say that the behavior of the human being is as influenced by the surrounding but also by emotions, intuition and instinct of the employee. For managers to understand employees it is important to be aware of this fact, in order to use it as an advantage for the company to enhance the performance of the employee and in repay the performance of the company among competitors. The disadvantages of conditioned behavior as well as innate behavior should always be kept in mind, not only to increase production but also to create a successful and likable workplace- atmosphere.

Conducting an Organizational Assessment Essay

The success of an organization depends heavily on its structure, strategies, and culture. In this assignment, you will develop an understanding of the importance of these elements in the success/ stroke of an enterprise.This assignment is the first of the two LASA assignments you will fetch up in this course. use the Argosy University online library resources and the Internet, explore methods of conducting internal and away environment analyses. Select at least iii (3) erudite sources to support the information in your report. translation of LASAIn this assignment, you will assess an organizations current vista in the internal and external environment.ScenarioYou have been hired as a consultant to evaluate the performance of a manufacturing or service organization. As part of your function, you need to assess the organizations current persuasion with regard to their line of merchandise operations, strategy, and organizational structure, as well as aim potential ethical issue s oversight may face. The executive management group has asked you to submit a report of your findings.InstructionsChoose a publicly traded manufacturing or service organization to be the subject of your work for LASA 1 and LASA 2. (You should choose a different organization than you have used for previous assignments.) Select an organization about which there is an abundance of information make readily available to the public (via the corporate website, industry publications,business journals, etc.).In preparation for your report, conduct your review of the organization using the following snuggle pronounce the companys business strategy and global fighting plan.Conduct an internal assessment using SWOT psycho compend.Assess the external environment via an external scenario paygrade.Sketch the companys organizational structure. victimisation the tools of business process design, define the organizations business process. strike any potential ethical issues that may impact the traditional management functions of the company and recommend preventative measures.Utilize at least three sources in your research. Your document should be written in a clear, concise, and unionised manner demonstrate ethical scholarship in complete mission and attribution of sources and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.Write an 810-page report in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file fitting convention LastnameFirstInitial_M3_A2.doc.By Wednesday, July 2, 2014, deliver your assignment to the M3 Assignment 2 LASA 1 Dropbox.LASA 1 Grading Criteria and RubricAssignment ComponentsProficientMax PointsEvaluate the companys business strategy and global competitiveness plan. valuation of the business strategy and global competitiveness plan islogical and reflects research of the company.Conduct an internal assessment using SWOT analysis.SWOT analysis provides an accurate account of the organizations strengths, weaknesses, o pportunities, and threats. All elements of the SWOT analysis are complete.Assess the external environment via an external scenario evaluation.External scenario evaluation is complete. Response reflects understanding of the organization and its place within the external environment. draw the companys organizational structure.Organizational structure diagram is complete and accurate.Using the tools of business process design, define the organizations business process.The organizations business process is accurately defined. Response reflects an accurate understanding of business processes.Academic WritingWrite in a clear, concise, and organized manner demonstrate ethical scholarship in remove and accurate representation and attribution of sources (i.e., APA) and display accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Use of scholarly sources aligns with specified assignment requirements.Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner exhibit ethical scholarship in appropriate and accur ate representation and attribution of sources and displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Use of scholarly sources aligns with specified assignment requirements.

Romantic Elements in Frankenstein and the Fall of the House of Usher

Mary Shelleys novel, Frankenstein, and Edgar Allan Poes short story, The F exclusively of the nursing home of doorman, although publish in different periods, on different continents, open in coarse m any of the main ideas that stood behind the literary movement of amativeism (the sublime, the wild-eyed hero, imagination, isolation), combined with elements of the Gothic (the mysterious and remote setting dominated by a gloomy atmosphere, conclusion, sin, pain, exotic elements, super subjective).One of the main elements that is integrated into the wild-eyed movement is the sublime. In his A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the subtilize and Beautiful , Edmund Burke defined the sublime as Whatever is fitted in any sort to excite the ideas of pain and danger, that is to say, whatever is in any sort terrible, or is conversant about terrible objects, or operates in a manner analogous to terror, is a source of the sublime that is, it is racy of the beefed- upest emotion which the mind is adequate of feeling. In Burkes cyclorama, the typic qualities that characterize a sublime landscape are massiveness of dimensions (especially in contrast with the limitations of the human body and mind), obscurity (that blurs the definition of boundaries), occult sliminess or intense vindicated. Through the impact that magnificent landscapes and violent storms produce, and in the midst of the terrors that temper creates, the characters experience the sublime, are overflown with dread, fear and a aesthesis of astonishment, which eventually allows them to sense the divine.In Frankenstein, reputation is a very hefty entity that so-and-so soothe and punish this doubleity is especially obvious in the connection mingled with sea captain and record that Shelly cultivates byout the novel. More oft than not, overlord takes sustenance from nature, which provides him with what could be described as somebodyal therapy when he is subjected to st ress or torment. When he condescends ill, it is not the unceasing do by and attention of his closest friends that ensure his recovery, except the beneficial influence of the alert ir that he breathes We passed a fortnight in these perambulations my health and liquor had long been reliefored, and they gained additional strength from the salubrious air I breathed, the natural incidents of our progress . . . I became the a desire(p) happy savage who, a some years ago, loved and beloved by all, had no sorrow or care. When happy, inanimate nature had the power of bestowing on me the most delightful sensations. A serene sky and verdant fields filled me with ecstasy. After his associate William is brutally murdered by the peter, lord falls into a deep responsibility of despair, unable to come about solace in the company of the rest of his family, or his best friend hydrogen. Once again, it is nature that heals him and allows him to maintain his saneness I remained deuce day s at Lausanne, in this painful state of mind. I contemplated the lake the waters were placid all around was calm, and the snowy mountains, the palaces of nature, were not changed. By degrees the calm and heavenly scene restored me, and I continued my move towards Geneva.The road ran by the side of the lake, which became narrower as I approached my native town. I discovered more distinctly the mysterious sides of Jura, and the bright summit of Mont Blanc. I wept like a child Dear mountains My own beautiful lake How do you welcome your wanderer? Your summits are clear the sky and lake are blasphemous and placid. Is this to prognosticate peace or to mock at my unhappiness? diversion from providing Victor with restoration and happiness when needed, nature prove to besides be an omnipotent force of foreshadowing.The lightning shredding the tree in front of Victors eyes is a warning that his endeavors will ultimately bring dying. When he is notified about Williams death, nature re flects his feelings of despair and suggests sad prospects of the future night also closed around and when I could hardly see the dark mountains, I felt still more gloomily. The picture appeared a vast and dim scene of evil, and I foresaw obscurely that I was destined to kick the bucket the most wretched of human beings. The night that Victor gives life to his groundworks is a dreary night of November, with rain patting dismally against the panes. This is similar with the gloomy nature described at the beginning of The die of the House of Usher, where the imminent expiry of this ancient family is foreshadowed by the atmosphere of melancholy and decay and the eerie people of colour of the mob, covered by minute fungi and weakened by the cranny that extends from the roof to the effectuateationsDuring the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the pin of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens, I had been passing alone, on horseback, through a sing ularly dreary tract of country and at aloofness found myself, as the shades of evening drew on, inwardly view of the melancholy House of Usher. Poes description of the un macrocosmly storm that takes protrude on the dreadful night that brings the ultimate destruction to the ancient House of Usher is strikingly similar with the ones described in Frankestein It was, indeed, a infuriated yet sternly beautiful night, and one wildly singular in its terror and its beauty. A whirlwind had apparently salt away its force in our neighbourhood for in that location were frequent and violent alterations in the direction of the wind and the majestic density of the clouds (which hung so low as to press upon the turrets of the house) did not stay fresh our perceiving the life-like velocity with which they flew careering from all points against apiece other, without passing away into the distance. Although two work present an overwhelmingly powerful nature, that scum bag foreshadow futu re events, the nature in The Fall of the House of Usher lacks the vast landscapes that are very much depicted in Frankenstein the prevailing feeling that dominates Poes story is confinement, slenderness to the point of claustrophobia the Usher estate is shut off from light and the property description of the house, reflected by the tarn which is in turn mirrored by the windows creates the antic of an enclosed space, from which leave is almost impossible.The house eventually becomes the tomb of Roderick and Madeline, collapsing onto itself and sinking into the reflecting pool. Supernatural, supported by the dark themes that are prevailing in some(prenominal)(prenominal) literary works, plays an important part in the spell development, both authors place on the blurred boundary betwixt the living and the dead, with an emphasis on the mysteries of life and the mysteries of existence.In Poes story, Madelines condition causing her to fall into a coma-like state that will lead to her being buried brisk is highly unbelievable, especially in combination with the account of her incredible escape from the vault, which is presented in parallel with the plot of The Mad Trist. In addition to this, the destruction of the house in the storm on the night Madeline returns to the living only when to be crushed together with her fellow, gum olibanum ending the Usher cable is just as unrealistic, yet with a great artistic encumbrance on the reader. As if in the superhuman energy of his utterance there had been found the potency of a spell the huge antique panels to which the loudspeaker system pointed, threw slowly back, upon the instant, their ponderous and ebony jaws. It was the work of the rushing gust simply then without those doors there DID stand the lofty and enshrouded figure of the lady Madeline of Usher.thither was blood upon her every portion of her emaciated frame. For a moment she remained horror and reeling to and from upon the threshold, then , with a low moaning cry, fell heavily inward upon the person of her brother, and in her violent and now final death-agonies, tidal bore him to the floor a corpse, and a victim to the terrors he had anticipated. In Frankenstein, the major supernatural event (the creation of brand- vernal life) is disguised under the appearance of a scientific try out Frankenstein manipulates nature in a bizarre and outlandish way, he uses electrical energy to animate a corpse composed of body parts collected from different cadavers. The result of his work is a creature so grievous and uncanny, that it makes him run in fear and hide in his chamber How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form?His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful Great immortal His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath his bull was of a lustrous black , and flux his teeth of a pearly whiteness but these luxuriances only make a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the same colour as the dun-white sockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips. The characters in both Frankenstein and The Fall of the House of Usher are late Romantic characters, with a strong propensity towards the Gothic. Roderick Usher is a unusual figure, excessively reserved and sensibly mysterious, he lives isolated in a decrepit, dark and scary house. His physical appearance is quite shocking to the impertinent visitor, he looks dead even though he is still lively A cadaverousness of complexion an eye large, liquid, and luminous beyond comparison lips somewhat thin and very pallid, but of a surpassingly beautiful prune a nose of a delicate Hebrew model, but with a breadth of nostril unusual in similar formations a fine moulded chin, speaking, in its want of prominence, of a want of moral en ergy hair of a a more than web-like softness and tenuity these features, with an inordinate expansion above the regions of the temple, made up altogether a countenance not easily to be forgotten. He suffers from a mysterious noisome gist, with bizarre symptoms (his senses are incredibly heightened, he can only simulate to wear certain types of fabric, he cannot stand light or the odour of flowers, and all music, with the exception of some stringed instruments inspire him with horror). He often oscillates between vivacity and sullenness, between reason and incoherence, between amazement and dread. Rodericks interests lie within the field of Arts, he is skilled at music and at ikon, and the cashier compares him with a real artist, Fuseli, stating that If ever mortal painted an idea, that mortal was Roderick Usher.Rodericks artistic creations reflect his state of mind, his obsession with death, the one painting of his that is described by the narrator is that of a tomb, an immen se long and extraneous vault or tunnel, while one of the songs he plays at his guitar is The Haunted Palace. Roderick shows signs of other in secernateectual pursuits, he develops the idea of sentience of all vegetables and even inanimate things, like the gray stones of the home of his forefathers, giving as proof of their sentience the gradual yet certain condensation of an atmosphere of their own about the waters and the walls.Unlike Roderick, who is portrayed as an artist, Victor Frankenstein is depicted as a scientist. He is animated with a aridity for knowledge, a passionate intrust to learn the secrets of heaven and earth however, these feelings, noble at offset are distorted into a pathological obsession, a dark hope of becoming god-like, of being liberated of profane law and limitations, obsession that will ultimately lead to his demise. In his require to discover the principle of life, Victor undergoes the study of its required counterpart, death, and immerses himse lf in midnight labors, pillaging cemeteries and charnel houses and torturing living creatures.His ambition to create new life affects his entire being in such a way, that he undergoes intense emotional and mental changes, and manages to transcend the limited condition of an mundane mortal, achieving a status similar to that of Dr. Faustus After days and nights of incredible labor and fatigue, I succeeded in discovering the cause of generation and life nay, more, I became myself capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter. ()No one can conceive the variety of feelings which bore me onwards, like a hurricane, in the first enthusiasm of success.Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through, and pour a overflow of light into our dark world. A new species would bless me as its fountain and source () I pursued nature to her hiding-places. Who shall conceive the horrors of my secret dig up as I dabbled among the unhallowed damps of the grave or hurt the living animal to animate the lifeless clay? Although not typical, the Creature is also a Romantic figure, a troubled soul labored into self-isolation, that strives to overcome his own limitations and possesses surprising depth and sensitivity.He has a dual nature, both inherently good and capable of evil, and is compared to both Adam (the creature that has been forsaken by his creator) and Satan (the fallen angel turned deviant in the absence of his god, capable of unspeakable acts of cruelty). He is torn between clemency and vengefulness, between the desire to be integrated into human society and the desire to destroy humans for rejecting and shunning him based on his grotesque appearance.He proves his benevolence when he saves a little girl from drowning and when he helps the De Laceys by providing them with firewood, but he is also a wretched creature that lets himself overtaken by the thirst for revenge and kills all the members of Victors family, including his bes t friend, Henry Clerval. The destinies of creator and creation are inextricably connected, they are viewed as manifold of each other they both suffer from an impenetrable solitude, feeling like a miserable wretch unfit for human society, they both continually oscillate between good and evil, between elation and despair.Their identities are in an elaborate way intermingled, at one point the creature calls Victor his slave, reminding him that You are my creator, but I am your master. Moreover, the reader is not able to discriminate who the real monster is between these two characters Frankenstein, that out of purely narcissistic reasons brings the Creature into this world and abandons it, refusing to assume any type of responsibility for his actions, or the abominably-looking creature that succumbs to the dark dimension of his spirit and seeks to achieve revenge for his sufferings, thus destroying many innocent lives in the process.The same motif of the double (Doppelganger) can b e found in Poes story, where there is a strong connection between Roderick and Madeline Usher, the last descendents of the Usher clan, the twins that mirror each other as Poe places an emphasis on the striking similitude between brother and sister. The siblings share an inexplicable state of illness, they are both affected by a malady for which no remedy has been found In the manner of my friend I was at once in love with an incoherence an inconsistency and I soon found this to arise from a series of feeble and futile make outs to overcome an habitual trepidancy an excessive nervous agitation. ()It was, he said, a constitutional and a family evil, and one for which he despaired to find a remedy a mere nervous affection, he at once added, which would undoubtedly soon pass off. It displayed itself in a host of touched sensations. The disease of the lady Madeline had long baffled the skill of her physicians.A settled apathy, a gradual wasting away of the person, and frequent a lthough transient affectations of a partially cataleptical character were the unusual diagnosis. Roderick and Madeline are not just brother and sister but twins who share sympathies of a scarcely lucid nature which connect his mental disintegration with her physical decline. (Martha Womak, Edgar Allan Poes The Fall of the House of Usher). Moreover, according to Edward H. Davidson in his book Poe A little Study, the fissure in the decaying mansion represents an irreconcilable fracture in the exclusives personality.Roderick represents the mind, the intellect, the conscious, while Madeline is the unconscious, the embodiment of the senses (hearing, seeing, touching, tasting and smelling). One of the conceptions that Gothic cultivated was that man was born(p) basically evil, and that humans have to try throughout their entire lives in order to prevent their evil nature from overtaking them. In Poes story the two brothers visibly struggle against their psychological issues, the men tal illnesses brought on by centuries of intermarriage in the family. He uses these characters to explore the human psychology, with a special mphasis on the perverse and self-destructive nature of the conscious and subconscious mind. In Frankenstein, the Creature seems to have been born evil based on his abominable appearance, yet later on his account of his first memories reveal his innocent nature, that is distorted by the hardships and constant rejections he is subjected to. Symbols play a significant role. The House of Usher refers both to the actual mansion and the last of the all time-honoured Usher operate and becomes an actual character, being presented with a humanized description, with vacant eye-like windows.The house seems to be an character reference of the siblings souls, mirroring their state of mind, and Roderick develops a theory that the stones of the house have sentience and that they substantiate the fate of the Usher family . The fissure that is barely visib le on its frontage and the fungi that cover it are symbolic of the decay of the Usher bloodline. The collapsing of the house straight down into the tarn symbolizes the linearity of the Ushers family tree, bereft of branches, and its inevitable collapse.The two main symbols in Frankenstein are light and fire. Walton expects to unveil the secrets of the world in the North Pole, described as a country of lasting light. Nearly all of Victors epiphanies are under the sign of light. When he becomes interested in natural philosophy, he says that A new light seemed to dawn upon my mind, and when his ceaseless endeavors finally lead him to the discovery of the secret to creating new life, he describes his feelings as if a sudden light broke in upon me. He compares the creation of a new species to pour a torrent of light into our dark world. However, both Victor and Walton fail to understand that light thats too bright is also blinding and they disregard the dangerous consequences of the ir quests for enlightenment. The importance of fire as a symbol is prefigured by the novels full title Frankenstein, Or the Modern Prometheus. In Greek mythology, Prometheus was the titan who gave the knowledge of fire to earthly concern and for his generous action he was severely punished by the Gods.In Frankenstein, Victor attempts to give the gift of the secret of life to humanity, but ends up suffering grave punishment as a result of defying God his creation kills his entire family and destroys his life. Throughout the novel, fire is depicted as a powerful yet dangerous force that can be apply both for sustenance (the discovery of the wonders of fire by the monster) as swell as for punishment (the description of demons suffering in the lake of fire in hell).Concerning archives techniques and point of view, both stories are told using first person point of view, but with significant differences. The narrator of The Fall of the House of designate is a character of whom we kno w very little, highly unreliable, as we have no proof of his sanity moreover, he is called madman by Roderick doubly at the end of the story. He is submerged into the underworld of the human mind, where unreason prevails over reason, where fantasy suppresses reality, and he is the only one that manages to escape and tell the story of what had happened.Mary Shelleys Frankenstein is also written using the first person narrative, but from multiple perspectives, using a complex narrative structure, that combines the form of an epistolary novel with that of a frame story the plot is completely encased in Robert Waldons letters, who he relates his encounter with Victor Frankenstein, who in turn gives an account of his terrible life story, including the confessions and lamentations of the creature.Each channelize of perspective provides the reader with new insight regarding the facts of the story and the distinctive traits of the characters involved. In conclusion, both Frankenstein and The Fall of the House of Usher can be considered landmarks of Romantic and Gothic literature, the authors managing to combine standard and specific elements in a whimsical and captivating manner that has kept them relevant even almost two hundred years after they were first published.

Las Siete Partidas: Laws on Jews, 1265 Essay

Las Siete Partidas was a work commissioned by tabby Alfonso X in 1265. It introduced law codes which only took effect in Castile a century later. These law codes, which were found on earlier feudal, civil, and canon laws, were conflicting to Jews. The conditions turn out on Muslim Moors, however, were even more severe than those placed on the Jews (Muslims, for instance, were prohibited from having mosques. ) The focus of this essay will be on excerpts taken from Las Siete Partidas which deal primarily with the Judaic the great unwashed. The Laws on Jews were an attempt to do by the costs and benefits of living with a Jewish minority.Laws which served to control the spread of the Jewish minority negative miscegenation Jews who live with rescuerian womenshall be install to d swallow uph. Jews were also forbidden from proselytizing Moreover, a Jew should be very careful to empty preaching to, or converting any Christian. Socializing with Jews was prohibited we forbid any C hristianto invite a Jew or Jewishto eat or drink together. Jews were prohibited from owning slaves or oppressing Christians. Some laws were based on false allegations which claimed that Jews were engaging in human sacrifice (blood libel).Blaming Jews for Christs crucifixion (deicide) led to further anti-Semitism. Some of the laws were designed to cherish Jews. Jews were protected on Saturday (Sabbath) as well as in their place of worship (synagogue. ) Jews were prohibited from leaving their homes on Good Friday (days on which Christians were head-on towards Jews. ) Some laws served non only to protect Jews, but were degrading as well. For instance, Jews had to wear a Jewish badge to distinguish them in humans in order to avoid the offenses and evilsall Jewsshall bear some distinguishing aspiration. A law which requires Jews to identify themselves with a badge implies that Jews and Christians were not so different racially, but separate peoples in terms of their history, culture , and language. The Christian alliance in Castile, in order to maintain power over their population, introduced laws which would get a line that the Jewish minority would not grow. These laws were at times degrading and inappropriate towards Jews. However, there were attempts to protect and appease Christian hostility towards Jews.It would prove to be a challenge to maintain a balance between disparage the Jewish community in an attempt to check its growth and fashioning use of its influence and power (King Alfonso made use of Jewish doctors and bankers. ) It would not be unfair to ask whether the conflicting relationship between Christians and Jews was out-of-pocket to the fact that the Jews were in fact a nation within a Christian nation. Moreover, if the Christian community in Castile recognized the Jewish people to be a nation, then they may have felt threaten by the possibility of the reestablishment of a Jewish state.

Law Social Engineering

LAW AS A TOOL FOR loving applied science IN INDIA KARANDEEP MAKKAR1 Roscoe Pound introduced the doctrine of friendly applied science science which aims at create an efficient structure of decree which would result in the gratification of maximal of wants with the minimum of friction and waste. It involved the rebalancing of competing interests. This article analyses the occasion of codes, inherent provision and court judge reach forcets in the see of affectionate engineering in India.Introduction India, cognise around the world as a cradle of civilizations has always been a queer mixture of various credences, religions, a place where the cultures of the world meet, constituting an purlieu of composite culture. It was for this reason that Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru c in alled India the the museum of world religions. Indeed, the very paradigmatic setting of India has been pluralist all along. Even today the land mass called India, spread over 3. 8 million sq km of ara inhabited by a railyard million plus population, with every imaginable kind of a atmospheric condition pattern from minus 40 degree Celsius in grand Himalayan region to 50 degree Celsius temperature in the deserts of Rajasthan and temperate go of coastal regions, 20 official languages written in 16 antithetic scripts, around 2000 dialects, 16 headspring demarcated agro-climatic zones2 and almost all religions of the world well and adequately represented, presents a mind boggling variety and plurality.And all this has a bursting charge on Indias liberal, secular, republi asshole, politico- sub judice system. Under these conditions, it becomes very necessary to keep got a mechanism for balancing the interests of the individuals, society and the state. India, after emancipation, adopted the ideal of a favorableistic pattern of society and has formulated programmes of favorable welfare in various spheres. The aim is to settle a social guild which would winnow go on aw ay exploitation, secure equal opportunities for all citizens, ensure that they share just obligations and savor social security.The heart adopted in achieving these ideals these ideals are peaceful and democratic. The finale is sought to be achieved mainly through the enactment of suitable integritys. It is in planetary recognised that legislation does create healthy conditions for such transmits. It is in these parcel that honorfulness comes into play to act as an agency balancing at odds(p) interests and becomes a tool for social engineering. This article analyses the 1 2 Student, tertiary Year, B. A. LL. B (Hons. ), Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur. Data teken from http//en. ikipedia. org/wiki/India accessed on 31-03-2010 role of legislations, integral purvey and court judgements in the process of social engineering in India. The Concept of Social Engineering Roscoe Pound was one of the greatest leaders of sociological school of jurisprudence. He introdu ced the doctrine of Social Engineering which aims at building an efficient structure of society which would result in the expiation of maximum of wants with the minimum of friction and waste. It involved the rebalancing of competing interests.Roscoe Pound defined the legal order by reference to the end of law It the legal order may well be thought of as a task or as a great series of tasks of social en-gineering as an ejection of friction and precluding of waste, so far as possible, in the sa-tis occurrenceion of infinite valet desires taboo of a relatively finite store of the material unslopeds of ex-istence. 3 Interests, desires, claims, wants for the most part the words are used interchangeably in Pounds writings, although interests sometimes serves as the inclusive term. He writes, For the purpose of belowstanding the law of today I am content with a picture of delightful as much of the consentient body of benignant wants as we may with the least sacrifice. I am cont ent to think of law as a social institution to satisfy social wantsthe claims and demands involved in the existence of civilized societyby giving effect to as much as we may with the least sacrifice, so far as such wants may be satisfied or such claims minded(p) effect by an ordering of gentlemans gentleman conduct through policy-makingly organized society.For present purposes I am content to see in legal history the record of a continually wider recognizing and satisfying of human wants or claims or desires through social control a more(prenominal) embracing and more effective securing of social interests a continually more complete and effective elimination of waste and precluding of friction in human enjoyment of the goods of existence in short, a continually more efficacious social engineering. 5 Like the engineer, the jurist constructs, creates but non out of thin air.Like the engineer, he must(prenominal) work with resistive materials, without which, however, he could not build at all and always there are unseemly conditions imposed upon his activeness. Friction and waste, represented by a sacrifice of interests which expertness be secured, must be overcome. The task is one for human activity though requiring methodical care, there is nevertheless nothing static roughly it. Technique and materials may be improved. Jurist 3 4 5 Pound, Roscoe, Interpretations of levelheaded History, Harvard University Press, 1946, At P. 160. Pound, Roscoe, The Spirit of the Common Law, work Publishers, 1999, At P. 96. Pound, Roscoe, An Introduction To The Philosophy Of Law, Transaction Publishers, 1999, at p. 20. must work on, must create an ever greater, ever more useful structure. The engineering analogy stands out as both graphic and timely. 6 According to Roscoe Pound, law is an instrument of social engineering. The task of jurists is to find out those factors which would help in the tuition of culture conducive to the maximisation of satisfaction of wa nts. These factors are principles as Jural Postulates. 7 Technique of Social EngineeringPound advocated the technique of Social Engineering for the purpose of balancing the contrary interest of the society, in order to achieve maximum satisfaction of maximum want of the individuals. He advocated that the conduct of law should be supplemented by social aspects so that it may become more attractive and useful. Spencer and Bentham as well as in a way directly and indirectly applied law to men in society. Judicial Application Pound suggested that judicial application of law should take into account the following factors (a) The factual study of social cause of the administration of law. b) Social investigations as preliminaries to legislation. (c) The meat by which the law tail assembly be made more effective should be devised. (d) A study of legal and philosophical aspect of judicial method. (e) Sociological study of Legal History. (f) The achievement of the purpose of law. (g) Possibilities of jurisprudence of interests and reasonable solution of the individual case. SOCIAL LEGISLATION AS TOOL FOR SOCIAL engineer When unequal dissemination of wealth exists in a society or when social justness is denied to certain sections of the people, laws are enacted to bring about equilibrium.These laws may be designated under social legislation. Social legislation tries to eat up inequalities and to benefit the whole community rather than a few individuals. It adjusts 6 7 Douglas, near Functional Aspects of Bankruptcy (1932) 41 YALE L. J. 329, 331. Dr. Laxmikanth, Law and social transformation, at pg. 6 supplements and sometime replaces the brisk legal system. In other words, in addition to ameliorating the social conditions of people, it bridges the gulf that exists mingled with the existing law at the requirements of the society at a condition time. Social legislation, in this whiz has a special significance. It is different from ordinary types of legislati on in as much as it reflects, the legislative policy of establishing social justice on humanistic and egalitarian principles. The primary functions of social legislations are summed up by Hogan and Inni in following words (1) To provide for the refined regulation of social relationship. (2) To provide for the welfare and security of all individuals in the social unit. 9 Social legislation, therefore, aims at establishing social equality in society.The needs of society are adjusted and those who are responsible for creating im ratios or inequalities in society are prevented from doing so. It is however, necessary that all social legislation must be accompanied by social preparedness by effective propaganda to educate the people about its objects and to convince them of the ultimate return of a particular legislative footmark aimed at promoting the common good and fostering the common welfare. It is only then that the law can give direction, form and continuity to social change. T he effectiveness of social legislation also depends on attitude of judiciary.Under the traditional approach, the judges usually paid greater heed to the letter of the law and the mischief that was to be aloof by the law. Social conditions and economic trend were not supposed to influence him in arriving at a certain decision. But this attitude appears to have changed in recent times. The judge appears to be conscious of the felt necessities of the time. He feels that his responsibility is not only to point out mistakes of legislature or remove unjustifiable hardships caused by law but also to assist in the social and economic progress of our times. 10 LEGISLATIONS ENACTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF SOCIAL ENGINEERING 9 10 Balbir Sahay Sinha, Law and social change in India, , 1983, trench and Deep Publications, pg. 25 Hogan and Inni, American Social Legislations, Harper and Brothers, New York, at p. 4. Supra Note 7. The introduction of certain major changes in the Hindi family law is a ve ry important instance of social reconstruction in India in recent times. This has been brought about by such Acts, as The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, and the Hindu word meaning and Maintenance Act, 1956. The provisions of these Acts are calculated to generate effective means of social control.For instance,Section 12 of the Act prohibits polygamy which was very prevalent in the society before the enactment of the Act. This can be viewed as a measure to balance the interests of the husband and wife as also a means for social control. The socio-economic revolution that has resulted from new land legislations is best seen in homespun India. The land reform measures, adopted by the State Governments in the sex of Constitutional amendments, are meant to mitigate the hardships of tenants, strengthen and safeguard their tenancy rights and chew the fat a new status on them.This type of legislation can be rightly regarded as one neutralising t he socio-economic dis concord in the hobnailed population. The pitiable conditions and large-scale poverty of the rural population produced a sense of frustration in our peasantry endangering the entire society. The grievances of the agriculturists are being gradually removed by the land reform projects which would ultimately bring about a degree of social satisfaction and create a spirit of co-operation in the masses. 11 The new labour laws are aimed at battering the conditions of the actors in trade and industry.These laws have had an impact on social structure to a large extent. The individual workers interest has been given great importance. The freedom of contract between the employer and the employee has been regulated in the interest of the worker and attempt has been made to assure to every worker condition of work ensuring a decent standard of life. A number of important enactments as, for example, The industrial Disputes Act, 1947, The Minimum Wages Act, 1948, The Plantat ion Labour Act, 1951, The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 have been designed to curb, if not eradicate, the urge to exploit workers.Thus, they promote the welfare of workers and balance interests of employees and employers hence resulting in social engineering. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS PROMOTING SOCIAL harmony The glaring inequality of different types more particularly based on sex and caste prevailed in Indian society until the pre-independence days, despite regular efforts by the state, reformers and missionaries to control and eradicate them. The immediate 11 Supra broadsheet 7, at pg. 27 task for the Indian people and constitution makers was to establish an egalitarian society.thitherfore, in the preamble of the constitution it was declared that we, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR classless REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens JUSTICE, social, economic and political LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief , faith and worship EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all companionship assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation. 2 The constitutional provisions relating to secularism aim at bringing about integration and harmony in the society. Article 15 of the Constitution forbids a classification on the ground only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or both of them, field of study to specified exceptions and Article 16 makes a like provision in connection with public employment with the addition of descent and residence as forbidden grounds of classification. The Constitution gives the right to all persons to profess freely, behave and propagate religion subject to public rder, morality and to other provisions of the Constitution on Fundamental Rights. Thus, in India no religion is given a preferential status or accorded any special right and the Constitutional provisions aim that no person should suffer any disability because of his religion. In order to achieve social progress and political advancement, the practice of untouchability has been outlawed by Article 17 of the Constitution and by the Untouchability Offences Act, 1955 enacted in pursuance of Article 17. These are clear indications to end social equality.The provisions referred to are aimed at effectively balancing the various unconnected interests in the society and form the basis of what Roscoe Pound termed as social engineering. A STUDY OF CASE LAWS While Sociological jurists accentuate on the balancing of the conflicting interests of the individual, society and the public through the process which Roscoe Pound terms as the process of social engineering, the aforementioned(prenominal) has also been witnessed though the action of the lordly Court when, in Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v.The Union of India13 which is known as the Tanneries case the Supreme Court observed as The Constitutional and statutory provisions value a persons right to fresh air, despoil piss and pollution-free environment, but the source of the right is the inalienable common 12 Bal Gobind, Kashyap, helpful law and social justice in Indian society, 1995, Regency Publications, New Delhi, at p. 8 13 AIR 1999 SC 2715 law right of clean environment. The Court further observed, Our legal system having been founded on the British Common Law, the right of a person to pollution-free environment is part of the elementary jurisprudence of the land.Thus the Court gave priority of public interest over individual interest. In B. Venkatramma v. State of Madras14, the passing of a communal order by the Government allotting certain vacant posts in government go in fixed proportions to Muslims, Christians, Harijans, Backward Hindus, Hindus, Non-Brahmin Hindus, and Brahmins was taken to be a entrancement of Article 16(1) of the constitution by the Supreme Court. CONCLUSION Rapid change in Indian social life is the result of many fact ors.The influence of public credit, the lessons of history, and the examples of progress achieved in other countries, the impact of ideas from the West- all have played a part. The legislative activity in India after independence has been directed, by and large, towards the creation of a new social order. The gap between pressure of changed patterns and the slowly evolving new norms of social life was sought to be plugged by many important laws. To make social engineering through the use of law, the importance of other factors like economic development needs to be realised.Law cannot, by itself play a vital role unless it is accompanied with economic development. Public opinion also plays an important role. There should be awareness amongst the various sections of the society before legislation is enacted for its undefeated enforcement. The purpose of social legislation like other types of legislations is not effect if its enforcement is lax. If laws are evaded by people, this un dermines the purpose of legislation, breeds corruption and puts the administrative machinery under strained strain. This may ultimately lead to disintegration of the society.Hence, rather than passing a number of legislations in this area without making adequate provisions for their enforcement, it is collapse to have fewer social laws containing clear-cut provisions for effective enforcement. The conflicts in modern Indian society are largely due to the fact that social life has not been properly adjusted to the forces of present age. In order to harmonize our relations in the society, it is absolutely essential that changes in law should be preconditioned by the existing public opinion in the society.In other words, the changes in 14 AIR 1964 SC 572 law should be only in those directions and to that extent which the people in general aspire in the society. Mere super-imposition and direct adoption of foreign models in their entirely original form can create disruption and infir mity in the society. We should retain our own social values and include foreign ideals in such a manner that the latter are fully assimilated and become a part of our social system.