Illustrative Transactions and Financial Statements Answers free essay sample

Identify potential problems with regression data. 7. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of alternative cost estimates. 8. (Appendix A) Use Microsoft Excel to perform a regression analysis. 9. (Appendix B) Understand the mathematical relationship describing the learning phenomenon. Why Estimate Costs? Managers make decisions and need to compare costs and benefits among alternative actions. Good decision requires good information about costs, the better these estimates, the better the decision managers will make (Lanen, 2008).. Key Question What adds value to the firm? Good decisions. You saw in Chapters 3 and 4 that good decisions require good information about costs. Cost estimates are important elements in helping managers make decisions that add value to the company (Lanen, 2008). Learning Objective One: Understand the reasons for estimating fixed and variable costs The reasons for estimating fixed and variable costs The basic idea in cost estimation is to estimate the relation between costs and the variables affecting costs, the cost drivers. We focus on the relation between costs and one important variable that affect them: activity (Lanen, 2008). Basic Cost Behavior Patterns By now you understand the importance of cost behavior. Cost behavior is the key distinction for decision making. Costs behave as either fixed or variable (Lanen, 2008). Fixed costs are fixed in total, variable costs vary in total. On a per-unit basis, fixed costs vary inversely with activity and variable costs stay the same. Are you getting the idea? Cost behavior is critical for decision making. The formula that we use to estimate costs is similar cost equation: Total costs = fixed costs + {variable cost per unit} number of units T c = f + {v} x |With a change in Activity |In Total |Per Unit | |Fixed Cost |Fixed |Vary | |Variable |Vary |Fixed | What Methods are used to Estimate Cost Behavior? Three general methods used to estimate the relationship between cost behavior and activity levels that are commonly used in practice: Engineering estimates, Account analysis Statistical methods (Such as regression analysis) (Lanen, 2008). Results are likely to differ from method to method. Consequently, it’s a good idea to use more than one method so that results can be compared. These methods, therefore, should be seen as ways to help management arrive at the best estimates possible. Their weakness and strengths require attention. Learning Objective Two: Estimate costs using engineering estimates. Engineering Estimates Cost estimates are based on measuring and then pricing the work involved in a task. This method based on detailed plans and is frequently used for large projects or new products. This method often omits inefficiencies, such as downtime for unscheduled maintenance, absenteeism and other miscellaneous random events that affect the entire firm (Lanen, 2008). Identify the activities involved Labor |Rent |Insurance |Time |Cost | Advantages of engineering estimates |Details each step required to perform an operation |Permits comparison of other centers with similar operations | |Identifies strengths and weaknesses. | | Disadvantages of engineering estimates 1. Can be quite expensive to use. Learning Objective Three: Estimate costs using account analysis. Account Analysis Estimating costs using account analysis involves a review of each account making up the total costs being analyzed and identifying each cost as either fixed or variable, depending on the relation between the cost and some activity. Account analysis relies heavily on personal judgment. This method is often based on last period’s cost along and is subject to managers focusing on specific issues of the previous period even though these might be unusual and infrequent(Lanen, 2008) . Example: Account Analysis (Exhibit 5. 1) |3C Cost Estimation Using Account Analysis | |Costs for 360 Repair Hours | |Account |Total |Variable Cost |Fixed Cost | |Office Rent $3,375 |$1,375 |$2,000 | |Utilities |310 |100 |210 | |Administration |3,386 |186 |3,200 | |Supplies |2,276 |2,176 |100 | |Training |666 |316 |350 | |Other |613 |257 |356 | |Total |$10,626 |$4,410 |$6,216 | |Per Repair Hour |$12. 25 ($4,410 divided by 360 repair-hours) | 3C Cost Estimation Using Account Analysis (Costs at 360 Repair-Hours. A unit is a repair- hour) Total costs = fixed costs + {variable cost per unit} number of units T c = f + {v} x |$10,626 = $6,216 + $12. 25 (360) |$10,626 = $6,216 + $$4,410 | Costs at 520 Repair-Hours Total costs = fixed costs + {variable cost per unit} number of units |Tc = $6,216 + {$12. 25} 520 |Total costs = $6,216 + $ $6,370 |$12,586 = $6,216 + $ $6,370 | Advantage of Account Analysis 1. Managers and accountants are familiar with company operations and the way costs react to changes in activity levels. Disadvantages of Account Analysis 1. Managers and accountants may be biased. 2. Decisions often have major economic consequences for managers and accountants. Learning Objective Four: Estimate costs using statistical analysis. The statistical analysis deals with both random and unusual events is to use several periods of operation or several locations as the basis for estimating cost relations . We can do this by applying statistical theory, which allows for random events to be separated from the underlying relation between costs and activities. A statistical cost analysis analyzes costs within the relevant range using statistics. Do you remember how we defined relevant range? A relevant range is the range of activity where a cost estimate is valid. The relevant range for cost estimation is usually between the upper and lower limits of past activity levels for which data is available (Lanen, 2008). Example: Overhead Costs for 3C ( Exhibit 5. 2) The following information is used throughout this chapter: Here we have the overhead costs data for 3C for the last 15 months. Let’s use this data to estimate costs using a statistical analysis. |Month |Overhead Costs |Repair-Hours |Month |Overhead Costs |Repair-Hours | |1 |$9,891 |248 |8 |$10,345 |344 | |2 $9,244 |248 |9 |$11,217 |448 | |3 |$13,200 |480 |10 |$13,269 |544 | |4 |$10,555 |284 |11 |$10,830 |340 | |5 |$9,054 |200 |12 |$12,607 |412 | |6 |$10,662 |380 |13 |$10,871 |384 | |7 |$12,883 |568 |14 |$12,816 |404 | | | | |15 |$8,464 |212 | A. Scattergraph Plot of cost and activity levels Does it look like a relationship exists between repair-hours and overhead costs? We will start with a scatter graph. A scatter graph is a plot of cost and activity levels. This gives us a visual representation of costs. Does it look like a relationship exists between repair-hours and overhead cost? We use â€Å"eyeball judgment† to determine the intercept and slope of the line. Now we â€Å"eyeball† the scatter graph to determine the intercept and the slope of a line through the data points. Do you remember graphing our total cost in Chapter 3? Where the total cost line intercepts the horizontal or Y axis represents fixed cost. What we are saying is the intercept equals fixed costs. The slope of the line represents the variable cost per unit. So we use â€Å"eyeball judgment† to determine fixed cost and variable cost per unit to arrive at total cost for a given level of activity. As you can imagine, preparing an estimate on the basis of a scatter graph is subject to a high level of error. Consequently, scatter graphs are usually not used as the sole basis for cost estimates but to illustrate the relations between costs and activity and to point out any past data items that might be significantly out of line. B. High-Low Cost Estimation A method to estimate costs based on two cost observations, usually at the highest and lowest activity level. Although the high-low method allows a computation of estimates of the fixed and variable costs, it ignores most of the information available to the analyst. The high-low method uses two data points to estimate costs (Lanen, 2008). Another approach: Equations V = Cost at highest activity Cost at lowest activity Highest activity Lowest activity F = Total cost at highest activity level V (Highest activity) Or F = Total cost at lowest activity level V (Lowest activity) Let’s put the numbers in the equations | | | |V = $12,883 $9,054 |V = $10. 0/RH | |568 – 200 | | F = Total cost at highest activity level V (Highest activity) F = $12,883 $10. 40 (568), F= $6,976 Or F = Total cost at lowest activity level V (Lowest activity) F = $9,054 $10. 40 (200) Rounding Difference C. Statistical Cost Estimation Using Regression Analysis Statistical procedure to determine the relationship between variables High-Low Method: Uses two data points. Regression analysis Regression is a statistical procedure that uses all the data points to estimate costs. [pic] Regression Analysis Regression statistically measures the relationship between two variables, activities and costs. Regression techniques are designed to generate a line that best fits a set of data points. In addition, regression techniques generate information that helps a manager determine how well the estimated regression equation describes the relations between costs and activities (Lanen, 2008). We recommend that users of regression (1) fully understand the method and its limitations (2) specify the model, that is the hypothesized relation between costs and cost predictors (3) know the characteristics of the data being tested (4) examine a plot of the data . For 3C, repair-hours are the activities, the independent variable or predictor variable. In regression, the independent variable or predictor variable is identified as the X term. An overhead cost is the dependent variable or Y term. What we are saying is; overhead costs are dependent on repair-hours, or predicted by repair-hours. The Regression Equation |Y = a + bX |Y = Intercept + (Slope) X |OH = Fixed costs + (V) Repair-hours | You already know that an estimate for the costs at any given activity level can be computed using the equation TC = F + VX. The regression equation, Y= a + bX represents the cost equation. Y equals the intercept plus the slope times the number of units. When estimating overhead costs for 3C, total overhead costs equals fixed costs plus the variable cost per unit of repair-hours times the number of repair-hours. We leave the description of the computational details and theory to computer and statistics course; we will focus on the use and interpretation of regression estimates. We describe the steps required to obtain regression estimates using Microsoft Excel in Appendix A to this chapter. Learning Objective Five: Interpret the results of regression output. Interpreting Regression [pic] Interpreting regression output allows us to estimate total overhead costs. The intercept of 6,472 is total fixed costs and the coefficient, 12. 52, is the variable cost per repair-hours. Correlation coefficient â€Å"R† measures the linear relationship between variables. The closer R is to 1. 0 the closer the points are to the regression line. The closer R is to zero, the poorer the regression line (Lanen, 2008). Coefficient of determination â€Å"R2† The square of the correlation coefficient. The proportion of the variation in the dependent variable (Y) explained by the independent variable(s)(X). T-Statistic The t-statistic is the value of the estimated coefficient, b, divided by its standard error. Generally, if it is over 2, then it is considered significant. If significant, the cost is NOT totally fixed. The significant level of the t-statistics is called the p-value. Continuing to interpret the regression output, the Multiple R is called the correlation coefficient and measures the linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables. R Square, the square of the correlation cost efficient, determines and identifies the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable, in this case, overhead costs, that is explained by the independent variable, in this case, repair-hours. The Multiple R, the correlation coefficient, of . 91 tells us that a linear relationship does exist between repair-hours and overhead costs. The R Square, or coefficient of determination, tells us that 82. 8% of the changes in overhead costs can be explained by changes in repair-hours. Can you use this regression output to estimate overhead costs for 3C at 520 repair-hours? Multiple Regressions Multiple regressions are used when more than one predictor (x) is needed to adequately predict the value (Lanen, 2008). For example, it might lead to more precise results if 3C uses both repair hours and the cost of parts in order to predict the total cost. Let’s look at this example. |Predictors: |X1: Repair-hours |X2: Parts Cost | 3C Cost Information | |Month |Overhead Costs |Repair-Hours ( X1) |Parts ( X2) | |1 |$9,891 |248 |$1,065 | |2 |$9,244 |248 |$1,452 | |3 |$13,200 |480 |$3,500 | |4 |$10,555 |284 |$1,568 | |5 |$9,054 |200 |$1,544 | |6 |$10,662 |380 |$1,222 | |7 |$12,883 |568 |$2,986 | |8 |$10,345 |344 |$1,841 | |9 |$11,217 |448 |$1,654 | |10 |$13,269 |544 |$2,100 | |11 |$10,830 |340 |$1,245 | |12 |$12,607 |412 |$2,7 00 | |13 |$10,871 |384 |$2,200 | |14 |$12,816 |404 |$3,110 | |15 |$8,464 |212 |$ 752 | In multiple regressions, the Adjusted R Square is the correlation coefficient squared and adjusted for the number of independent variables used to make the estimate. Reading this output tells us that 89% of the changes in overhead costs can be explained by changes in repair-hours and the cost of parts. Remember 82. % of the changes in overhead costs were explained when one independent variable, repair-hours, was used to estimate the costs. Can you use this regression output to estimate overhead costs for 520 repair-hours and $3,500 cost of parts? Learning Objective Six: Identify potential problems with regression data. Implementation Problems It’s easy to be over confident when interpreting regression output. It all looks so official. But beware of some potential problems with regression data. We already discussed in earlier chapters that costs are curvilinear and cost estimations are only valid within the relevant range. Data may also include outliers and the relationships may be spurious. Let’s talk a bit about each. Curvilinear costs |Outliers |Spurious relations |Assumptions | 1. Curvilinear costs Problem: Attempting to fit a linear model to nonlinear data. Likely to occur near full-capacity. Solution: Define a more limited relevant range (example: from 25 – 75% capacity) or design a nonlinear model. If the cost function is curvilinear, then a linear model contains weaknesses. This generally occurs when the firm is at or near capacity. The leaner cost estimate understates the slope of the cost line in the ranges close capacity. This situation is shown in exhibit 5. 5. 2. Outliers Problem: Outlier moves the regression line. Solution: Prepare a scatter-graph, analyze the graph and eliminate highly unusual observations before running the regression. Because regression calculates the line that best fits the data points, observations that lie a significant distance away from the line could have an overwhelming effect on the regression estimate. Here we see the effect of one significant outlier. The computed regression line is a substantial distance from most of the points. The outlier moves the regression line. Please refer exhibit 5. 6. 3. Spurious or false relations Problem: Using too many variables in the regression. For example, using direct labor to explain materials costs. Although the association is very high, actually both are driven by output. Solution: Carefully analyze each variable and determine the relationship among all elements before using in the regression. 4. Assumptions Problem: If the assumptions in the regression are not satisfied then the regression is not reliable. Solution: No clear solution. Limit time to help assure costs behavior remains constant, yet this causes the model to be weaker due to less data. Learning Objective Seven: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of alternative cost estimation methods. Statistical Cost Estimation Advantages 1. Reliance on historical data is relatively inexpensive. 2. Computational tools allow for more data to be used than for non-statistical methods. Disadvantages 1. Reliance on historical data may be the only readily available, cost-effective basis for estimating costs. 2. Analysts must be alert to cost-activity changes. Choosing an Estimation Method Each cost estimation method can yield a different estimate of the costs that are likely to result from a particular management decision. This underscores the advantage of using more than one method to arrive at a final estimate. Which method is the best? Management must weigh the cost-benefit related to each method (Lanen, 2008). Estimated manufacturing overhead with 520 repair-hours and $3,500 parts costs *. The more sophisticated methods yield more accurate cost estimates than the simple methods. |Account Analysis = $12,586 |High-Low = $12,384 |Regression= $12,982 |Multiple Regression= $13,588* | Data Problems Missing data Outliers Allocated and discretionary costs Inflation Mismatched time periods No matter what method is used to estimate costs, the results are only as good as the data used. Collecting appropriate data is complicated by missing data, outliers, allocated and discretionary costs, inflation and mismatched time periods. Learning Objective Eight: (Appendix A) Use Microsoft Excel to perform a regression analysis. Appendix A: Microsoft as a Tool Many software programs exist to aid in performing regression analysis. In order to use Microsoft Excel, the Analysis Tool Pak must be installed. There are software packages that allow users to easily generate a regression analysis. The analyst must be well schooled in regression in order to determine the meaning of the output! Learning Objective Nine: (Appendix B) Understand the mathematical relationship describing the learning phenomenon. Learning Phenomenon Leaning phenomenon refers to the systematic relationship between the amount of experience in performing a task and the time required to perform it. The learning phenomenon means that the variable costs tend to decrease per unit as the volume increase. Example: | |Unit |Time to Produce |Calculation of Time | |First Unit |100 hours |(assumed) | |Second Unit |80 hours |(80 percent x 100 hours | |Fourth Unit |64 hours |(80 percent x 80 hours | |Eighth Unit |51. hours |(80 percent x 64 hours | |Impact: Causes the unit price to decrea se as production increases. This implies a nonlinear model. | Another element that can change the shape of the total cost curve is the notion of a learning phenomenon. As workers become more skilled they are able to produce more output per hour. This will impact the total cost curve since it leads to a lower per unit cost, the higher the output. Chapter 5: END!! COURSE WORK EXERCISE 5-25 – A B PROBLEM 5-47 -A B REFERENCES Lanen , N. W. , Anderson ,W. Sh. Maher ,W. M. ( 2008). Fundamentals of cost accounting. New York : McGraw-Hill Irwin. [pic]

Final Business Plan for Cab Service Rental ERC

Question: Describe the final business plan for cab service rental ECR? Answer: Executive Summary Marketing is a critical activity for an organisation. Success or failure of marketing process can have direct impact on the success or failure of product or service to be launched. That is why in a highly competitive and globalised world marketing has taken precedence over several other business processes. Important to understand is, that marketing strategy is not a straight forward concept or process. It involves several micro and macro factors which might have tremendous impact on the fate of the product or service to be marketed. This marketing plan was prepared with focus on one of the worlds largest car rental company named-Enterprise. Purpose of this marketing plan was to understand, that what all marketing elements should be used in a situation when organisation decided to setup its branch in Brisbane-Australia. 1. Introduction 1.1. Aim Every business organisation wants to succeed in the market in which it has presence, especially when an organisation is expanding its base in a different region. When a business organisation decides to expand, then there are several factors which it needs to focus upon. Setting up the company in a new environment is a complex task and requires lot of meticulous planning and effort (Siguaw Simpson, 2015). In this regard, marketing plan has high relevance for the organisation as it guides the entire business strategy of the organisation in the new market. Purpose of this task is to prepare a marketing plan for a company named Enterprise Rent-A-Car (ERC). This marketing plan is targeted towards guiding ERC to launch its car rental business in Brisbane, Queensland. Marketing budget allocated for the entire marketing process is $500,000 (Australian Dollars). Hence by the end of this marketing plan, reader should be able to identify potential marketing strategies which can be used by ERC to establish itself in Brisbane, Queensland. ERC is a car rental company which was established by Jack Taylor more than 55 years ago, in 1957 in USA. 1.2. Scope Scope of this marketing plan is to suggest relevant marketing strategies to ERC management, for setting up its branch in Brisbane, Queensland only. Marketing plan for ERC will be focused only for Brisbane location, and it doesnt intend to guide marketing strategy of any other location apart from Brisbane. Also, all the financial of the marketing plan will be analysed and decided on the basis of allocated budget for the marketing activity of ERC in Brisbane i.e. $A 500,000. 1.3. Company Background ERC is a car rental company which was established by Jack Taylor more than 55 years ago, in 1957 in USA. ERC was started with just seven cars with a business idea of executive leasing. However, as the business expanded, ERC shifted towards becoming an enterprise. By end of 2011, ERC has generated annual revenue of $14.1 billion and has more than 68,000 employees. ERC as a car rental company has presence in several countries outside United States as well. For example it has more than 8200 rental offices located in five countries such as Canada, UK, Ireland, Germany and US. It is essential to understand that despite of the fact that each of these offices comes under the ERC brand, these rental offices still work as an independent unit, which means that manager of these offices are free to take decisions which suits the customer or regional requirements (Westwood, 2013). This reflects the fact, that ERC despite of growing as a large organisation has maintained its working style as a sma ll organisation itself. Its branches are decentralised. This means that local managers have the freedom to make decisions based on the needs of each location. As a car rental company, ERC has dominated UKs car rental industry as well. ERC has over 370 locations throughout the UK and over 90% of the UK population are within 10 miles of an Enterprise branch. Overall it can be said that ERC has displayed gradual growth over a period of time across globe (Ferrell Hartline, 2012). This marketing plan it targeted towards guiding the company towards exploring and setting up its branch in Brisbane, Queensland. 2. Current Situational Analysis 2.1. Internal Analysis Internal analysis of the company can be done on several aspects. For example its mission statement can be analysed to understand that what exactly ERC as an organisation wants to achieve. Internal analysis also includes focus on the offering, which means what exactly company is offering to its customers, or what value does it have for its customers (Kotler Armstrong, 2013). Mission of ERC is to provide is to provide rental solutions for its customers, and focus on requirement to build strong and loyal relationships through an excellent customer service. Following are the values which are followed by ERC: Quality Respect Innovation Integrity Teamwork Passion Professionalism Hence, it can be seen that ERC is not just focused on some specific aspect, in fact it has focus on its employees, as well as customers and all other stakeholders associated with it. Values followed by the company also reflect the same aspect. As a car rental company, ERC offers wide range of services to its customer. ERC has established itself as a total mobility provider offering consumers neighbourhood and airport car rental, car sharing, ride-matching, vanpooling services, car sales, exotic car rental, motorcycle rental and commercial truck rental. This reflects that ERC has expanded its services apart from providing executive leasing to wide array of segments such as exotic car rentals, or commercial truck rentals (Kotler, 2012). ERC has also contributed to its best capability towards society as part of its corporate social responsibility program. This can be understood by the fact that ERC Foundation has contributed more than $200 million to thousands of local non-profits focused on community improvement, education and environmental stewardship. In nutshell, ERC has clearly setup its mission to take care of its customers, employees and the communities. Based on the case study, it can be said that for this marketing plan resource available in terms of budget is of $A500, 000 which needs to be utilised judiciously in order to achieve the maximum benefit for the proposed marketing plan. 2.2. External Analysis External analysis of ERC will help in understanding the influences on the organisation. In order to do a comprehensive external analysis, PEST framework can be used. PEST framework basically covers four elements on the basis of which analysis is done. These elements are: Political/Legal: In terms of political analysis, it can be said that ERC has been involved in keen competition with various other car rental companies such as Avis, Hertz etc. However, policy of local or regional government to provide more tax benefits to local car rental companies might have negative impact on ERCs plan in Brisbane, Australia. Also, high tax rates in certain regions might impact the profitability of the business. Economic: In economic context, it can be said that true equity market value of ERC is estimated at $17 billion, whereas for its one of the close competitor Hertz it is around $7.5 billion. In Brisbane there are various car rental companies such as Avis, Hertz, Budget, Europcar, Thrifty and Redspot. However, apart from Avis and Hertz other companies are small and do not have market value as large as ERC, which can be a major advantage for ERC in future. Social: In terms of social factors, changes in consumer behaviour have impacted the organisations in a major way. With high disposable income in new proposed market like Brisbane there is large customer base which can afford renting a car. Unlike past when people were focused more on taxis and cabs, today renting a car is much more viable option for people, especially for the one who are in young age group. This change in social attitude towards rented car has helped companies like ERC to grow gradually (Lee Kotler, 2011). Technological: technology has played major role in advancement of ERC as an organisation which had only seven cars to start with. Today, ERC is managing its branches more than 8000 in numbers. This could not have been possible without support from technology. Advancement in technology and ease of logistics has helped ERC tremendously in becoming worlds largest car rental provider. For example, technology such as GPS enabled devices which are installed in all the vehicles of ERC has ensured better consumer safety (Bickhoff et al, 2014). Similarly use of internet based website has enabled ERC to take leverage of internet as a platform from where its users can book a car for rental. This can be understood from the screen shot displayed below which clearly shows that how ERC is using its website to allow users to book their cars for rental. Figure 1: Home page of Enterprise rent-a-car 2.3. Market Analysis 2.3.1. Market definition Car rental industry is mainly an industry which provides car for rental purpose to its users for a specific period of time. However, companies like ERC offer light trucks as well on rent to companies and business (Morritt Weinstein, 2012). In Australia Car rental grew by 10% in value in 2013, reinforcing Australias position as one of the most developed car rental markets in the world, with a per capita expenditure of A$65. Market definition of car rental includes both passengers as well commercial vehicles. Over a period of time, car rental industry has grown by leaps and bounds, especially in Asian countries. However, developed countries like UK, Australia and United States remains the core market for the car rental industry, as these countries have reputation of being safe country in which drive and relating ease with which international visitors can rent a vehicle has made the industry growth fast. 2.3.2. Market trends The global car rental industry witnessed intense competition during the previous years, which forced companies to offer new and better services to their customers. The industry is expected to reach US $67.6 billion by 2017 with a CAGR of 3.5%over the next five years. The industry consists of all car rentals, contracted to be of less than one year duration, for corporate, individual, recreational, or business purposes. Europe is estimated to witness the most growth during the forecast period due to growing airport rentals and gradual recovery of airline activities in the past two years (Lovelock, 2011). The prospects of car rental in Australia remain strong, with an expected value CAGR of 5% over the forecast period at constant 2013 prices, a significant improvement from the value CAGR of -1% at constant 2013 prices experienced between 2008 and 2013. Although business car rental is expected to soften in the aftermath of the mining boom, the much larger category of leisure car rental will flourish as the depreciating Australian dollar encourages more consumers to travel at home (Pride Ferrell, 2015). 2.3.3. Competitive situation In terms of competitive situation, since this marketing plan is targeted towards setting up ERCs branch in Brisbane, Australia hence it becomes important to analyse the competitive situation in Australia. As per survey from Canstar, Hertz is the top car rental company when it comes to customer satisfaction, in fact not just customer satisfaction but Hertz tops the other categories such as satisfaction, service, availability, booking process, transparency of costs and availability of accessories. However, cost conscious customers who look for low cost rental care prefer company named Thrifty, which came out on top among the cheaper set of hire car companies (Varadarajan, 2011). Overall it can be said that competitive scenario in Brisbane, Queensland is stiff as there are various large and small companies which are competing for supremacy. These companies include Avis, Hertz, Budget, Europcar, Thrifty and Redspot. In such situation ERC will definitely find it hard to establish itself i n Brisbane market, but considering the market position of ERC and amount of experience it has in global car rental market, it can still innovate and offer tough competition to existing companies in the Brisbane car rental companies. 2.3.4. Customer needs In terms of customer needs, it can be said that customer requirements varies significantly from time to time. For example there is a major segment of customers in Brisbane who wants cheap car rental, whereas there is a large customer segment which will not mind paying premium for getting high end cars for rental. There is significant number of customers for whom safety is important, that is why they prefer car rental companies which offer GPS fitted device to track the car. Over a period of time customer requirements have evolved gradually. From just demanding car rental, they are now expecting variety of services within the core service offered by the car rental companies (Westwood, 2011). However, for ERC it is also important to understand that there are several common issues which are faced by customers in Australian market. These common issues are: Ambiguity in fees, as it has been reported that at times excessive fees is charged for services, including petrol top ups Another major issue with customers is the complain that, at times they do not receiving the car model booked Many customers have expectation from the car rental companies to ensure that accessory such as GPS is installed in the vehicle. Quoted price being higher than the final price due to additional insurance charges and extra charges at pick up Hire cars not coming with a street directory Poor service, including excessive wait times before collecting cars and general helpfulness of staff Hence it is important for ERC to ensure that in order to establish itself; it should address all the above mentioned issues. 3. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis for ERC is as follows: Leading Market Position Robust Financial Performance No. 1 in Customer Service Large Fleet of Vehicles Decentralized business (local branches make decisions according to location) Automated Rental Management System (ARMS) 55% of share in market of off-airport car rental services Maintenance and Cost of Repairs Very Capital Intensive Operations No One-Way Rentals Available rental cars older than competitor choices Trend for renting cars has increased among youths with high disposable income. Use of Internet for rentals along with use of mobile based applications has increased significantly. Bigger presence at the Airports Serving Green Customers Move cars from city to city as demand for different cars changes Sell patented Automated Rental Management System (ARMS) to competitors Increasing Fuel Prices Intense Competition Downturn in the (Used) Car Markets Mergers Acquisitions Hertz car-rental service dominates on-airport locations and is main competitor Vanguard, Avis and Budget are additional competitors with less market share than Hertz Based on the SWOT analysis it can be said, that ERC is placed in a comfortable situation in market. ERC is in a strong competitive position, and it can use the same aspect in Australian market as well. In Brisbane Apart from Avis and Hertz, all other car rental companies are relatively small in nature. Thus, ERC can focus on establishing itself through various ways, such as acquiring a smaller company, rather than opening a completely new branch (Wirtz, 2012). 4. Segmentation In terms of segmentation, it is first important to understand the demographic structure of Brisbane. It can be said that Brisbane is one of the Australias largest metropolitan city comprising of more than 3.1 million people. Out of which 70% of people reside in Greater Brisbane area. Important point with Brisbanes population is it has large number of people who come from business community, in which working population varies between 20 to 64 years of age. Brisbane boasts of extremely well educated population with over 330,000 residents having university degree (Vitale, 2011). In such scenario, ERC can have two target customer segments, firstly the working population of Brisbane which daily commutes form their home to work place. For them, ERC can offer special schemes as can be a potential target customer segment that can be using the ERC services frequently. Another important segment which ERC can target is of business community. This segment might prove to be high revenue segment a s car rental duration for this segment can be higher, since in order complete business transactions and meeting people from business community often travel from one city to other (Roberts Zahay, 2012). Hence, target segment for ERC should be the educated class and the business community of the city. 5. Target Market Target market for ERC should be the middle class, upper middle class and affluent class of Brisbane. Even though affluent class have their own vehicles, but there are still several people in this segment who want convenience (Bergiel et al, 2011). Hence, it can be said that ERC should be focusing on both households and business class of customers. Individual customers might need to use the rental services for purpose such as tourism etc. Whereas business users might be requiring rental services in order to travel from one city to other without getting into hassles of arranging for their own vehicles. However it is important to understand that for any car Rental Company irrespective of the region in which they function, there target market is always focused on the customers who need temporary vehicles. This need for temporary vehicles might arise due to multiple reasons such as accidents, theft, mechanical repair, special occasions such as leisure and business trips, and weekend getaw ays. ERC can also stick to basics of car rental companies where it can focus on providing car rental services to neighbourhood consumers (Cherubini et al, 2014). Another important target market for ERC can be requirement for commercial vehicles. Considering the fact that ERC is already having services in renting commercial vehicles such as trucks and mini trucks, hence, it can focus on business community which cannot afford to have commercial vehicles, but they still need to have one. In that situation, ERC can create a dedicate target market of such customers and can accordingly offer rental services for commercial vehicles (Stevens et al, 2012). A young professional who often wish to commute through four wheelers, but cannot afford to buy one is also one of the potential target market. ERC can create dedicated market segment for such customers who have less purchasing power but still want to use comfort of four wheelers. Overall it can be said that ERC in Brisbane will have multiple target market. It can also focus on airport locations as there are lot of flyers who visit Brisbane for business or leisure purpose for short duration (Verma, 2012). Hence, ERC can target such customers from the airport itself, so that when a potential customer reaches the airport, they have the option to rent a car from airport itself. 6. Positioning Focus of ERCs promotional and advertising campaigns should be focused on highlighting ERC as a car rental company which offers cheaper, greener alternative for the residents of Brisbane. ERC can also offer promotional offers to the residents of Brisbane such as 50% off on weekend travel. Such offers can be extended for a specific time period, especially during its launch phase (Thomas Housden, 2011). Positioning is an important element of marketing plan. It mainly focuses on the aspect of creating an initial brand impression on the customer. Positioning helps the business in creating the first impact on the customer. Hence, ERC should be focused on proper positioning strategy as it will help in creating an initial impression on its target market. Considering the fact that Brisbane already has Avis and Hertz, which are one of the top most car rental companies in the world, ERC should be focused on promoting its brand as a car rental company which has much more brand value than Avis or Hertz. Hence, in initial phase ERCs complete focus should be on launching a marketing campaign which can help it to cut through the clutter of already existing car rentals companies. ERC can focus use of various mediums such as social media networks such as Facebook or Twitter.com to connect with the users. Rather than using conventional mediums of marketing, it should focus more on digital mediums t o reach its customers. Hence, it can tie-up with any cellular network to reach to its potential customer segments. Considering the fact that majority of the customers today are glued to their smart phones, ERC can focus on sending targeted messages and e-mails about its arrival in the city. This will help the company to reach its customers directly (Chulkov Nizovtsev, 2012). 7. Objectives Objective of the marketing plan is clear. The core idea behind the marketing plan is to help ERC setup its first branch in Brisbane. Marketing plan for ERC is mainly focused on understanding the current market environment in Brisbane related to car rental industry. This marketing plan will enable ERC to identify the target market along with is segment of customer which it wants to focus upon (Kennedy, 2011). In a way, it can be said that marketing plan for ERC will lay down the roadmap for the organisation related to its initial launch in the city. Marketing plans objective is to ensure that there is clear understanding on what aspects ERC should focus upon initially, considering the fact that there is limited budget of $500,000 available for marketing efforts, hence it is important for the business to ensure to have a proper strategy related to using this budget, and marketing plan is one such element which will enable ERC to approach its launch in Brisbane in a controlled manner. 8. Marketing Strategies 8.1. Product Initially ERC should focus on providing following products and services Fleet Management Services: As part of this service ERC can tie-up with corporates located in Brisbane to handle their fleets. In this service ERC will be completely responsible for handling its clients vehicle acquisition and disposal, and their licensing and taxes (Ottman, 2011). Sale of Used Cars and Trucks: ERC can also diversify its offering in Brisbane further to sell its used cars and trucks to customers. They can position this services as tension free buying with full reliability from a trusted brand. Vehicle rental and leasing: this service offering will be the core component of ERCs business in Brisbane (Aaker, 2012). As part of this service, ERC can focus on offering vehicles n lease to its customer based on certain terms and conditions. 8.2. Price ERC can offer differential pricing strategy in Brisbane. It is obvious that it cannot charge the business users similar to non-business users. Prices need to be high enough to cover all incurred costs and competitive enough to achieve profitability, and increase both sales and market share. It is important to understand for ERC that due to economic recession customers in Brisbane might be looking for a cheaper yet reliable car-rental service. Hence it is important for ERC to focus on offering relatively discounted services in its initial phase of launch (Mudie Pirrie, 2012). It is important for ERC to understand that car rental services are a highly competitive market in terms of pricing. Hence it should come up with a pricing structure which should be at par with the existing car rental services. From time to time it can come up with special schemes to lure more customers (Wilson Cooper, 2013). It is equally important to keep in mind about the increasing operating costs due to fluctuation in petrol and diesel prices. ERC should not offer discounts by neglecting its operating costs, as it might cannibalise its own profit making capability (Guerriero Olivito, 2013). 8.3. Promotion Following should be objectives behind the promotional strategy. Gain market awareness among youth section of Brisbane through media campaigns on social media networks such as Facebook, and Twitter.com Focus on creating a viral campaign, so that it can engage with more and more customers across Brisbane. Increase in market awareness for urban, young professionals and business community through outdoor advertisement in metropolitan area of Brisbane. Promotional strategy of ERC should be such that it should force customers to believe that ERC is the best available option when it comes to renting a vehicle in Brisbane (You Hsieh, 2014). In order to establish this, ERC can portray its successful operations in other countries; this will bring an element of reliability among the customers, as customers always focus on a car renting service which has a proven track record. Also ERC being an international brand, consumers will also be curious to experience an international brand. 8.4. Place In terms of place, core focus on ERC should be targeted towards following areas in Brisbane: Airports: Airports will enable ERC to target customers who are entering Brisbane for either leisure or business purpose. By showcasing its brand on airport itself, ERC will give its potential customers an option to experience the car rental services offered by the organisation (Guerriero Olivito, 2011). Business districts of Brisbane: These will be the regions within Brisbane where there will be maximum concentration of business community along with working professionals. Hence, ERC should have specific focus on these regions, as it can extract maximum customer from this region (Kuo, 2011). 8.5. People In order, to setup the service in Brisbane, ERC has to focus on the people aspect of the marketing strategy as well. Hence, as part of this marketing strategy element ERC will be required to hire local drivers to support its fleet of cars and trucks. It is important for ERC to hire experienced drivers who are well versed with the local routes and culture of Brisbane and can understand the customers communication. One important aspect which ERC needs to ensure that the people which it hires should be technology savvy, as there are lot of technological devices such as GPS tracker etc. are used. For supporting its branch also, it needs to hire some resources, who will be responsible for smooth functioning of local office of ERC in Brisbane. 8.6. Process Booking process for ERC will be on two platforms. First platform will be e-commerce website of ERC, where user can visit ERC website, fill in the details and then confirming the booking. Since ERC is offering car rental services, hence the final payment of the service is mainly done only towards the end of the journey. In that case, ERC can equip all its vehicles with credit/debit card readers, to which customers can swipe and make payment. In order to support the booking process and other transactional details, a backend call-centre will be required which will not only support the booking process, but will also take bookings from customer who wish to book through phone call. 8.7. Physical Attributes In terms of physical attributes, ERC should ensure that its office is located in the business organisation dominated area of the city. After some point of time, ERC can also setup a branch in residential areas of the city. With this strategy it will be able to cater to both business as well as casual users. ERC office theme should be in alignment with its international theme, this is important as it will ensure uniformity in the customer experience, especially for the one who might be already a user of ERC in other countries. A well trained and professional staff should be hired to support the office work. Last important aspect related to physical attribute is the uniforms of drivers and staff. In order to ensure a uniformity and professionalism, ERC should ensure uniforms for all its drivers and staff during the time of duty, this will give an unique identity to its employees and brand, and will help in improving the overall brand image through focus on professionalism. 9. Action Plan In terms of action plan following will be the stages which ERC can follow to setup its business in Brisbane: Initial market analysis: this will reveal its target customer base, which it needs to target. It will also help ERC to analyse the existing situation of car rental market in Brisbane. Identification of location for office: As part of this process, ERC needs to identify an office from where it will operate its business. Initially it can start with one branch in Brisbane around business centre. Once it is established, it can then focus on to setup other smaller branches around residential areas of Brisbane to cater neighbourhood people looking for car rental services (Carroll Grimes, 1995). Promotional campaign and launch: ERC once ready with its infrastructure, it should then launch aggressive promotional campaign which will help it create market awareness about its brand (Pachon et al, 2006). Offering services to customer: This stage will be executed in parallel to promotional campaign (Boeffgen Kartach, 2002). As part of this stage, focus will be to convert the lead or queries about the services offered by ERC. 10. Marketing budget As mentioned in the case study, total marketing budget allocated for ERCs marketing activities is $A 500,000. Hence it should use the budget in following way: Stage Expense Initial market analysis $A15,000 Renting an office space $A90,000 Promotional campaigns $A145,000 Acquiring initial fleet for customer service $A250,000 Hence from above breakup it can be said that initial expense will be in promotional campaigns and hiring/buying fleet for offering it to customer on rent. 11. Control and Contingencies In terms of control and contingencies, ERC should focus creating a backup fund of another $A500, 000, this fund will be like a backup fund, which will enable ERC to scale up its business further if needed. It can also use this fund to offer initial discounts to its customers, and support its operational expenses (Russell, 1999). It is obvious, that from day one ERC will not be able to break even. It will take a significant amount of time to recover its initial cost of business (Julian, 2000). Hence in such situation it should have specific amount of funds to support its operational processes. Also, ERC should setup controls to monitor its services. In car rental industry, security is one major concern of the customers. Hence, ERC can focus on setting up a control room which will enable it to monitor movement of its fleet. It should also focus on gathering customer feedback so that any negative review on the services offered can be resolved quickly. 12. Conclusion Overall, it can be said that Enterprise rent-a- car exists in a highly competitive sector. Its business in Brisbane will definitely not be an easy one, especially due to presence of so many other car rental companies (Guerriero et al, 2012). However, it can definitely take an advantage of its vast experience in the field of car rental services, and use that experience in understanding the current market of Brisbane. Main aspect which ERC needs to focus upon is its positioning. Its initial brand image and market awareness about its brand in mind of customer will decide its initial success or failure (Loverseed, 1996). That is why, it is extremely important for ERC to ensure that its starting marketing campaign is well though, target segment well identified, and action plan should be executed as per the decided marketing strategy. Combination of all the factors discussed above will decide the fate of ERC in the market of Brisbane. 13. References Aaker, D. (2012).Building strong brands. Simon and Schuster. Bergiel, B. J., Brown, C. O., Nicholls, J. F. (2011). FROM THE INSIDE-OUT: INTERNAL MARKETING AND THE GLOBAL FIRM.Publication of the International Academy of Business Disciplines,17(1), 240-317. Bickhoff, N., Hollensen, S., Opresnik, M. (2014). Marketing and Marketing Management: A First Basic Understanding. InThe Quintessence of Marketing(pp. 3-15). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Boeffgen, B., Kartach, K. (2002). Realising profit potentials in the car rental industry.Simon-Kuchner Partners. Carroll, W. J., Grimes, R. C. (1995). Evolutionary change in product management: Experiences in the car rental industry.Interfaces,25(5), 84-104. Cherubini, S., Iasevoli, G., Michelini, L. (2014). Product-service systems in the electric car industry: critical success factors in marketing.Journal of Cleaner Production. Chulkov, D., Nizovtsev, D. (2012). Rent-A-Car: an integrated team-based case study for managerial economics.Journal of Business Cases and Applications,6, 1-14. Ferrell, O. C., Hartline, M. (2012).Marketing Strategy, Text and Cases. Cengage Learning. Guerriero, F., Olivito, F. (2011). Modelling and solving a car rental revenue optimisation problem.International Journal of Mathematics in Operational Research,3(2), 198-218. Guerriero, F., Olivito, F. (2013). Revenue models and policies for the car rental industry.Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Algorithms in Operations Research, 1-36. Guerriero, F., Miglionico, G., Olivito, F. (2012). Revenue management policies for the truck rental industry.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,48(1), 202-214. Julian, E. P. (2000). Strategic and tactical fleet planning for the car rental industry.University of Miami. Kennedy, D. S. (2011).The Ultimate Marketing Plan: Target Your Audience! Get Out Your Message! Build Your Brand!. Adams Media. Kotler, P. (2012).Kotler on marketing. Simon and Schuster. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2013).Principles of Marketing 15th Global Edition. Pearson. Kuo, T. C. (2011). Simulation of purchase or rental decision-making based on product service system.The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology,52(9-12), 1239-1249. Lee, N. R., Kotler, P. (2011).Social marketing: Influencing behaviors for good. Sage Publications. Lovelock, C. (2011).Services Marketing, 7/e. Pearson Education India. Loverseed, H. (1996). Car rental in the USA.Travel Tourism Analyst, (4), 4-19. Morritt, R., Weinstein, A. (2012).Segmentation strategies for hospitality managers: Target marketing for competitive advantage. Routledge. Mudie, P., Pirrie, A. (2012).Services marketing management. Routledge. Ottman, J. (2011).The new rules of green marketing: Strategies, tools, and inspiration for sustainable branding. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Pachon, J., Iakovou, E., Chi, I. (2006). Vehicle fleet planning in the car rental industry.Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management,5(3), 221-236. Pride, W., Ferrell, O. C. (2015).Marketing 2016. Cengage Learning. Roberts, M., Zahay, D. (2012).Internet marketing: Integrating online and offline strategies. Cengage Learning. Russell, P. (1999). Car rental in Europe.Travel Tourism Analyst, (1), 1-28. Siguaw, J. A., Simpson, P. M. (2015). A marketing plan for marketing instruction: A satirical look at student comments. InCreating and Delivering Value in Marketing(pp. 129-133). Springer International Publishing. Stevens, R. E., Loudon, D. L., Wrenn, B. (2012).Marketing management: text and cases. Routledge. Thomas, B., Housden, M. (2011).Direct and Digital Marketing in Practice. AC Black. Varadarajan, R. (2011). Marketing strategy: discerning the relative influence of product and firm characteristics.AMS review,1(1), 32-43. Verma, H. V. (2012).Services Marketing: Text and Cases, 2/e. Pearson Education India. Vitale, R. P. (2011).Business to business marketing. Pearson Education India. Westwood, J. (2011).Marketing Your Business: Make the Internet Work for You Get into Exports Learn about Products and Pricing. Kogan Page Publishers. Westwood, J. (2013).How to write a marketing plan. Kogan Page Publishers. Wilson, T., Cooper, J. (2013). Overview of the new Queensland demographic projection systems.Research note. Queensland Centre for Population Research, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, Brisbane. Wirtz, J. (2012).Essentials of services marketing. FT Press. You, P. S., Hsieh, Y. C. (2014). A study on the vehicle size and transfer policy for car rental problems.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,64, 110-121.

Using Thesis Statement in College Essay and Audience

Using Thesis Statement in College Essay and AudienceYou should create a thesis statement in the college essay and audience. This statement is used to connect your topic and your writer skills. It allows you to concentrate on what you are writing and your topic.A thesis statement helps your reader's attention to focus on what you are writing. It helps in building the storyline and direction of your essay.When writing, make sure that you first direct your reader's attention to the main point of your essay. In doing this, you will find that the reader will be more easily able to grasp your point.This is because he or she has seen something similar before. If your topic is a medical issue, then you need to use the title or thesis statement in college essay and audience to establish the main theme of your essay. In creating this, you need to find the most common knowledge about your topic. Just as you have gone through the details of your topic, so should your audience.It is important tha t you make your essay informative for your student. The more the student can relate to the topic, the better. It will also make the student find the content interesting.Also, in creating a thesis statement in the college essay and audience, you need to note what you write is fact. You can also refer to other sources if it is not true. Use this as a source of information to support the facts of your essay.Writing a thesis statement also offers you an opportunity to really focus on your topic. However, it is important that you are not making the statement too broad.Your thesis statement in college essay and audience should be concise but does not necessarily need to be exact. Just make sure that it is accurate and gives the reader some insight into your topic.

College is Wate of Time Essay - The Essay Step by Step Guide

College is Wate of Time Essay - The Essay Step by Step GuideThe first step to writing a College is Wate of Time Essay is to sit down and write a short one-page essay to give yourself some guidance about how to begin. You will want to start by outlining your topic, and then write about that topic in some detail.When you are writing your College is Wate of Time Essay, it is important to stay focused on your topic. What you do is start with the bottom line and work your way up. Do not make yourself start with a broad general topic, and then get stuck.When you are working on your College is Wate of Time Essay it is also important to remember that this will take some time. If you begin with a quick outline that does not address your topic in depth then you will find that it takes longer to write your entire College is Wate of Time Essay.As you work on your College is Wate of Time Essay it is important to think about what you are looking for. Think about the big picture and the important t hings in life. The best College is Wate of Time Essay is the one that focuses on these important points and does so in a way that can capture the attention of your readers.This part of the College is Wate of Time Essay is when you focus on what you have to say about your topic. The next step is to write an essay, and you want to be able to write quickly, and write well. If you do not write well then you will find that your College is Wate of Time Essay does not flow properly.Now that you have the main point of your essay written you want to think about how to conclude it. You want to be able to make your final point without giving away too much information, but you also want to be able to express your excitement and feelings about your topic.Now that you have the main points of your essay, and the conclusion you want to be able to express that with confidence. Remember to keep the tone consistent throughout your College is Wate of Time Essay. This will help to create a natural flow to your essay.It will be hard to keep writing College is Wate of Time Essay if you are not comfortable with this part of the process. Your confidence is the key to your ability to write this type of essay. You will also need to have a good research tool, so that you can research effectively.

Visual Studio Essay Example

Visual Studio Paper Visual Studio 2005 combined with Management Studio helps build. Application operations now become faster and more efficient. The MS SQL 2005 database can be easily connected with the new SQL Server Management Studio, SQL Server Management Studio Express or the Database Explorer Tools with Visual Studio and Visual Web Developer Express. The highest performance, availability and security to run these most demanding applications is used for native data encryption, secure default settings, and password policy enforcement. Active Server Pages and ASP Web Hosting. Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP) is an older technology invented by Microsoft for full support in our hosting environment. Re-invent supports are ASP Hosting, Classic ASP, ASP 3. 0, ASP 2. 0) Microsoft Active Server Pages assists HTML pages to be dynamic and interactive by inserting scripts either VBScript or JScript. ASP pages with the file extension . asp are developed on-the-fly by the web server and eventually any browser can render ASP pages as the resulting output is standard HTML. By means of ASP, Web pages can be dynamic, full of ever-changing content, and browser independent. Organizations can use Active Server Pages to set a Web front end on existing business solutions or to create completely new Web-based applications. With ASP, script commands, HTML pages, and COM components are united to breed powerful Web-based applications or interactive Web pages, which are simple to build up and revise. Microsoft SQL 2005 Database Server is a robust enterprise calibre relational database server capable of supporting the most demanding web applications and high traffic / ecommerce web sites. We will write a custom essay sample on Visual Studio specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Visual Studio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Visual Studio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The database can be administered remotely by MS Enterprise Manager, Query Analyzer or any SQL Server compatible administration tool. SQL Server Data Services (SSDS) are extremely scalable, on-demand data storage and query processing web services. Businesses use storage resources as desirable in transforming large upfront capital and operations expenditures into much smaller on-demand costs. SQL store and query the data virtually any time, anywhere on the web and scales easily as the data grows. It takes advantage of virtually no restriction on the amount of data stored and uses the same service boundaries for the storage needs at any scale. SQL is easy to manage for web-based services such as cross language translation provisioning, deployment, and monitoring. It reduces the manageability and commodity hardware for lowest service cost. SQL Server Data Services are built with robust Microsoft SQL Server database technologies and will provide strong service level agreement (SLA) covering high availability, performance, and safety against data loss. It is built using enterprise-class SQL Server Database technology as a storage node. It has the ability to store and handle multiple copies of the data for dependability. The backup data stored in each data cluster. The geo- redundant data gets copied to guarantee business continuity. A secure data is accessed to help provide business confidentiality and privacy. Input/output (I/O) are always optimized for high throughput. Application Agility. SQL Server Data Services supports simple web-programming interfaces like SOAP and REST for quick provisioning of web applications. Developers can focus on innovating with data while reducing their infrastructure and operational costs. Web 2. 0 friendly Interface API supports REST and SOAP interfaces intended to work with any Internet-development toolkit. The primary wire format is XML. A rich client library in C# or VB providing LINQ query support will be available. Endpoint is always kept secured by SSL. Its a Flexible Data Model for quick application development and simply adds new attributes to the data set when needed, and the system will automatically store, index, and query the data accordingly. MS IIS Server 6. 0 (local) Microsoft IIS 6.0 launches a new application isolation mode for running the processing of Web sites and applications of worker process isolation mode. Worker process isolation mode runs all application code in a cut off environment (W3wp. exe). First, HTTP. sys routes Web site and application requests to the correct application pool. Then, the worker processes (W3wp. exe) helping the application pool pull requests directly from the application queue in HTTP. sys. This model eliminates the unnecessary process hops come across when transferring a request to an out-of-process like DLLHost. exe and back again to increases performance.

Topics For Research Paper On Economics

Topics For Research Paper On EconomicsEconomic topics for research paper can be grouped into two categories: macroeconomics and microeconomics. In this article, we will discuss the differences between these two topics.Macroeconomics deals with the distribution of wealth, interest rates, and employment statistics. The importance of the difference between macroeconomics and microeconomics cannot be denied. Since macroeconomics deals with such a broad topic, it is extremely difficult to do a proper research paper.Microeconomics deals with the influences of human factors like demand and supply in the market. It also deals with the distribution of income, distribution of wealth, unemployment, labor laws, debt, and taxes.People who are new to economics would love to perform research paper on economics, but they have to first learn the difference between economics. However, the techniques are the same as the subject matter. The only difference lies in the way the writer approaches the topic . He or she must distinguish his research paper from any other that might appear on the shelves of a local library.It is important to study the model used by the author to arrive at the final product. When he has researched the models, he should study them closely and dig deeper to reveal their flaws. A good researcher can also refer to other research papers to find out more about the models.Finally, one must be careful about his choice of topic for research paper on economics. He or she must stay away from too much excessive information that he may not want to give. He should concentrate on the important parts of the subject matter that will make the reader interested.The websites that offer quality research papers are worth exploring. These websites are not only good sources of information, but also are great resources to help you prepare your research paper on economics. You can easily find free resources for research paper on economics.

Animal Euthanasia Essays

Animal Euthanasia Essays Animal Euthanasia Paper Animal Euthanasia Paper Death of any type is always a controversial issue whenever debated. This natural process attracts our human-being’s curiousness and raises millions of unanswered questions, such as what do we actually feel before we die or is there any possibility to avoid it? In general, we can roughly come up with an conclusion that no one prefer â€Å"dying† to â€Å"living†, or like Eleanor Roosevelt stated: â€Å"One must never, for whatever reason, turn one’s back on life†. However, that leads to a new recent modern matter : Euthanasia – the mercy killing. It may be considered as a fair action because the victim still has the right to decide whether to accept it or not. But let’s ponder for a second. Euthanasia it’s not that narrow and specific, it’s not on only human. What if it is applied for animals? Unlike us, those animals- normally are pets or members of the zoos don’t have the right to keep their lives or die in an unexpected way. Many animal right activists opposed this what they called an inhuman action, but the others have plenty of contrary ideas. They argue that is necessary for terminally ill patients, or a good way to control the population. To begin with, let’s explore more about this â€Å"animal euthanasia†. This is the act of humanely putting an animal to death or allowing it to die as by withholding extreme medical measures. Most of its methods are designed to cause minimal pain and distress. There are many kinds of this activities namely â€Å"free bullet†- when such big animals like horses received a direct bullet to their forehead, which result in instant deaths or â€Å"captive bolt† that is common used for cattle. But according to The 2012 DVM Newsmagazine State of the Profession survey(), more euthanasias were performed despite increase in stop treatment point recently with tables 1 and 2 : Generally, there are many different explanations for this upward trend. First of all, Jenifer Bove – an article writer who had a survey all over the United State ‘s zoos came up with her own conclusion :† Euthanasia is a controversial means of population control used by zoos. † And this is the reason : â€Å"Zoos that favor euthanasia over contraception generally allow animals to mate naturally and permit mothers to raise their young until an age at which the family groups would instinctively separate in the wild. At that point , zoo officials employ lethal injection to kill young animals that exceed the zoo’s carrying capacity, don’t fit into breeding plans, and are unwanted by other zoos In the spring of 2012, the Copenhagen Zoo euthanized a pair of leopard cubs who were approaching two years of age as part of their breeding management plan. â€Å" This is the very significant mission of the zoos- to manage population. Therefore animal euthanasia could be morally right and justified till it is used for correct reasons. In addition, euthanasia is also the only way to spare the agony of watching our loved pets have to suffer and reduce the spread of diseases, based on the article â€Å" do you agree or disagree with euthanasia or mercy killing† :† if a terminal patient faces a long, slow , painful death, surely it is much kinder to spare them this kind of suffering and allow them to end their life comfortably. This idea is also suggested by the Central Zoo Authority of India who said :†euthanasia of zoo animals may be carried out only in the specific circumstances when any animals is in such an agony or pain that it is cruel to keep him alive. Though it’s the fact that we cannot communicate with animals, thus they can’t tell us how they fell at a specific time, but with modern technology, we can predict that. On the other hand, according to K. Sri Dhammananda – a Buddhists believer â€Å" some people try to justify mercy killing with the misconception that if the motive or reason is good, then the act itself is good. Actually it is not that they have mercy toward those animals, but they kill them for their own precaution and to get rid of an awful sights It is evident that if an animal, a pet have a kind of affected disease, we human have to have a fear in mind of being affected. Moreover, the writer also mentions about a moral issue : â€Å" If mercy killing is the correct method to be practiced on pets and other animals, then why people are so reluctant to do the same to the beloved ones? † Some could also claim that animal euthanasia is murder and immoral because they has the right to live longer . Based on†¦,†patients that are in comas and have not indicated that they wish to die have the right to continue their lives until the natural end. Who are we to say that they should die when it’s convenient to us? That should be left unto God decide. † Life cannot be created so life should not be taken away. Not to mention that animals are incapable of deciding for themselves. Deciding death or life is God’s work and we ought not to interfere it. Similarly, according to†¦ â€Å" 2 Samuel 1:4-10 says,†And David said unto him , How went the matter? I pray thee, tell me†¦.. my lord Here was an incident that could be classified as euthanasia. How did David respond to this action? Did he consider it as a mercy killing? No, David treated it as murder. † Personally speaking, i am against animal euthanasia since it violate seriously moral aspects as well as the right to â€Å"survive†. Thomas Jefferson stated :† all men are created equal† . However, I deeply believe this statement has a larger meaning. Not all men, but all species ,all creations that the Almighty God has created are equal. Therefore, it is not a mercy death for a pet or an animal at all if we kill will them without their permission, even for their goods. In terms of science, it’s clear that there’s a basic difference between two scientific terms â€Å"merciful killing† and â€Å"merciful death† : the victim’s approval. Speaking of animals, they ‘re more likely to suffer from mercy- killing than mercy-death. And that method is basically another form of murder and should be banned. Just imagine, when a human patient in the hospital know he’s going to be put to death, he cried and beg the doctor not to let him die, not kill him. Could we can still go ahead and act like â€Å"heroes† ,trying to save him from pain? I believe the same thing would occur if animals knew how to talk, to express their feelings. In conclusion†¦.